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iiu of JJracticc anil ®ljcarj]

FDR ALL WORKMEN, PROFESSIONAL AND AMATEUR.

3llnstratei>

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[AH 1lights reserved.]

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SATURDAY. NOVEMBER SI. 1891.

i Price One Penny.

Vol, III.—No. 140.1

quite so coarse maybe used, or even common itself when cutting it up as may he re-
unbleached calico will do. Let your glue quired.

be the best you can get—that is to say, get ' Preparation of Clue.. —The best way to
Scotch glue, and always use it. Now for prepare the glue is to have a small pail and

r the preparation. | break up the glue into it; place this in a

Covering Boards with Canvas .—We will large pail, put water into both, place them
suppose that we have three boards to do , on the fire, and let them boil until all the glue

—they may be 9 in. or 11 in. wide. You is dissolved. The glue should be of the same

In this series of papers I shall deal with the I must cut your canvas a little less tliau \ consistency as castor-oil.
making of profiles, set pieces, practical doors the width of your boards, so as to allow ! dating and Pressing Boards. —Lay the
and windows, vampires, etc., borders, rollers I of stretching when rubbing down ; the 1 board on a bench or table, and take a large
wings, etc. canvas must not come beyond the edge brush and well cover the board with

Profile. —I shall commence first with the I of the board when finished, because it about 4 ft. at a time; lay the canvas on,
making of profile, and I may here say that | must be part and parcel of the board . well stretching it, rubbing from the centre

to do this properly ^ 5 =^ ■ towards the edges;

you will require no j«j„ ^ go on gluing and

little attention to the s ' ' placing the canvas

instructions here laid on the same way unti 1

down, because - if you

badly done it will the hoard.

■entail a deal of after ■ take a piece of can-

trouble ; on the other | ® vas or rag, soak it in

hand, if well done q the water, and squeeze

you can cut it and — it out, but do not

work it to any thing. C - leave the rag too

Some of my readers, dry; commence at

no doubt, will not
know what profile is,
and what it is used
for. Profile is a thin

board w ith

well glued down to

both sid es.

When this is dry and

hard you can cut it

STAGE CARP E Jf TRY

BY WILLIAM COEBOULD.

Covering

Preparation ok

Boards for Profile
Boards with Canvas
Glue—Gluing and Pressing Boards—Set
Pieces—Making Wings and Set Pieces—

Putting Profile on Wing.

Profile

hie

c r

have covered

Now

the end, and mb

until you brin
glue through the can-

vos—tliat is, until it
assumes the appear¬
ance of soap. When
you have finished,

turn the board over,
and go through the
same process on this
side as on the other.

When you
finished, you must
get a number of

pieces of ivood, about
1 ft. long and 1J in.
thick* Lay these
pieces on the iioor

canvas

it on

■saw into any form :
such as the edges of
wings in which you
wish to represent
foliage, rocks, etc.,
when a straight-edge
would be out of
place; but if a piece
of profile is put on
to the straight-edge
of the wing, you can

cut it to the paintin

This, however, will
be carefully explained
hereafter. ■ ■

Boards for Profile.

— The boards re¬
quired for this pur¬
pose are usually about
10-cut — that is,

3 in. deal would cut
ten boards about

i in, thick, and either
9 in. or 11 in. wide.
The canvas required
for the purpose must
be pretty open—that

is, rather coarse in
the web. Many

l taper - hangers’ can-

vas, but canvas not

in a dry place, and

where you will not

want to disturb them
for four or five days

Place the

pieces about 18 in.
apart, lay the board
that you have .just

at least.

finished flat on these

and bavin

done this, go on with
another board. When

finished, place some

more pieces of wood
on the board you first
laid down, placin
the second board on

previously

:| laid on t lie top of the

Go on

the slips

first one*

\ C T

the hoards .are fin¬
ished. On tho top of

and

How to Secure Copyright in Designs

[Work—Kovernier 21. TSOI.

the last hoard place sonic slips of ■wood
as before, and on the slips lay either one
board or some pieces of board, as you
may happen to have about -the work¬
shop. Oil these pieces of board place some
heavy weights—anything will clo, whether

iron weights or stones. In four or five days 1 tubs hot Included — Histoey of the It is but natural that designers and

the whole will be dry and fit for use. You «^™ P n°^ hE D lt™ s I inventors should be anxious to secure, as a

will see by this method that the air can whsue Obtained—Who can Register— rewar d for their ingenuity and industry, a

freely circulate through the whole pile, as Definition of “ Pbofeietor ” —Designs fair share of any profits earned by the sale-

shown in Fig. 1. In this, a a is the floor ; Must be New on Original—Definition of of their inventions and designs; but they

. B, B, the blocks of wood placed between the “ New ok Original”—What is “ Piibli- frequently fail in doing so from ignorance

boards; c, C,C, the three profile boards; and d Jrw?™ T f ?„£ i ^ ES— 1 steps to taken to secure their

_ is the board placed on the top of the profile 0i ' Classes and EemarK8 Themeon - rights, and my object in writing this paper

boards, whereon are the weights, E. As I Introduction .—Jn past numbers of Work, is to do my best to supply this deficiency,
said before, anything will do if heavy. several papers dealing with Patent inatters Definition of a Design .—111 dealing with

Set Pieces .-—Wet pieces, such as rocks, have appeared, which have been of great this subject, evidently the first step must be
banks, or foliage pieces, are sometimes set value in explaining the method of proce- to ascertain what is or can be rightly in-

partly on the stage from one of the wings, dure necessary to obtain the grant of a eluded under this section of the Act; and

and at other times right across the stage, as Patent, and also in putting before the the step is an important one, because it
shown in Figs. 2, 3, and 4. In Fig. 2 the readers the general principles of the law is worse than useless to attempt to gain-

wing is seen at a, the set piece at b, and the relating to Patents. But hitherto the sec- protection by provisions which are not

bridge, c, is also a set piece, placed a little tion of the law which deals with the protec- applicable to the subject in hand. The
back from the wing, leaving an opening tion by Registration of Designs, Patterns, term “Design” is a very wide one, and
between for entrance or exit. The bridge Shapes, and Ornaments — that is, the different definitions of it will be found in.
piece, being set also a little in front of the Designs Section of the Patents, Designs, different dictionaries; but as the term is
scene, gives the stage a very picturesque and Trade Marks Act of 1883—has not defined in the Act itself, in See. 60, we must

appearance ; but more of this hereafter, been prominently brought before • its turn to that source for our information..
wheA we come to borders. I readers; and I propose, in the following The definition is rather a long one, but its

Making Wings and Set Pieces .—Wo now pages, to deal with this subject in a similar importance must be my apology for quoting
come to the making of these wings and manner to that in which Patents have been it in extenso. Sec. 60 runs as follows :—
set pieces; 3 in. battens are generally used treated. “‘Design’means any design applicable to any

lor the framework, or floor boards, which A slight reference .to this Registration article of manufacture, or to any .substance,,
run about 6 in. wide when ripped down appeared at the latter end of C. C. C.’s artificial or natural, or partly artificial and
through the middle, answer the same pur- paper on Patent matters in VoL I., page . partly natural, whether the design is appli-
pose well enough. Lotus take a wing first. 545; but the subject is of so much value cable for the pattern, or for the shape or
Supposing it to be 12 ft, high and 3 ft. wide : that it deserves treatment in an independent configuration, or for the ornament thereof,,
you would cut two 12 ft. lengths and three paper. or for any two or more of such purposes

3 ft. lengths ; the proper way to put them The information will be found useful and and by whatever meads it is applicable

together would be by mortise and tenon, as valuable, more especially by those—mauufuc- whether by printing, painting, embroiderin
in Fig. 5 ; on the other hand,if it should be turers, designers, and artisans—who design weaving, sewing, modelling, casting, em

that the “ scenic artist ” or stage carpenter or produce novel articles of manufacture, bossing, engraving, staining, or any othe

is an amateur, and does not happen to have new shapes for articles of utility, or who means whatever, manual, mechanical, or
the proper tools, he may put the framework ornament or decorate such articles in some chemical, separate or combined, not being a
together by halving, as shown in Fig. 6. new manner, or who design the patterns design for a sculpture or other thing within-
By using good glue and wire nails, say 1} in. for such purposes. The law applies to all' the protection of the Sculpture Copy

long, so that they will turn and clench, the materials, and therefore the information right Act of the year 1814(54 George III.
wings will be quite as strong as if they were will be useful to workers and designers Cap.. 56).”

mortised and tenoned. engaged in all the varied manufacturing First, it will be noted that the field

Putting Profile on Wing .—The following industries which are carried on at the covered is very wide. We may take it for-
is another way :—Butt the parts together, I present time. granted that designs in any material will be

cut a piece of profile neatly, and glue and Also, it will be useful to those amateurs included, no matter how executed,
nail this on as shown in Fig. 7, in which A who design or produce for pleasure some It should be noted, also, that the words
is the piece of profile with the edges bevelled article, shape, pattern, or design, which, if “for the pattern, or for the shape or con-
off; B is the corner when finished. Fig 8 manufactured and placed on the market figuration, or for the ornament thereof, ' are-
shows how the profile is put on. We will through the ordinary channels of trade, the essential words of the section, on which-
suppose o f to be the side of a wing; it will would be likely to “hit the public taste," everything turns; and anything which is
be seen that a rabbet is cut at a so that the and secure a saie, included under these terms may be rightly

edge of the profile board may be laid in it The inventor of simple articles may here registered under this section,
when ready. Well glue the rabbet before also find welcome information a3 to this Under the terms “for the pattern and

laying in the profile, and then fasten it all alternative method of securing protection “for the ornament" are included, all designs-
along with small fiat-headed nails; of course, to that involved in “taking out a Patent,” or patterns used for the decoration or orua-
the wing or set piece is made first, and in which is open in some cases by proceeding mentation of surfaces or articles, and thus-
covering them with canvas, never allow the under this section of the Act; for the pro- the works of pattern designers for all mate-
canvas to come too close to the edge of the tection acquired by Registration is fully as rials, such as calico printing, paper staining,,
frame, and keep the tacks quite 1 in. from effectual—if the subjects are Buch as may be house decorating, lace weaving, leather'
the edge of the canvas, because after tacking rightly included in its scope—while the cost embossing, etc. etc., are included ; as aJso
down you must hold up the canvas with one is much less, the procedure in making the are the works of the decorative artists
hand while you use the glue-brush with the application much more simple, and the and workers who are engaged m ornament-
other. Then take a damp rag and rub it granting of protection much quicker; thus ing articles of beauty , or utility such as
well down ; when dry, it will be ready for enabling the inventor to put his goods on the china decorators, wood carvers, marquetry
painting, aa in Fig. 13. You must at all market without delay, which is frequently workers, metal chasers and engravers,,
times allow sufficient canvas to cover over of great importance to catch some particu- jewellers, bookbinders, etc. etc.
the edge of the profile after it is nailed on. lar market. Frequently these points—the Under the terms for the shape or con -

Do not forget this. initial cost and the inability to make the figuration ’’ are included the external or

Figs. 9, 10, 11, and 12 are the back views application unassisted or to employ a Patent internal shapes or forms or all the various-
of wings and set pieces, Figs. 2, 3, and 4 agent—form insurmountable obstacles _ to articles of manufacture—such, as the shapes-
showing the way they are put together, the worker who is desirous of obtaining of the potter, wood-worker, gJass-oiower,
Fig. 12 would be hinged together in the a Patent; but if the subject be such a one metal-worker, stone - carver, oinaaaen a
centre by hinges known as back-flaps, so that it can be registered as a design, these modeller, etc. etc.

that the portions of the painted side shut obstacles will be evaded, for, after perusing It will be noted that seulptur _

up face to face. The centre partition must the present paper, any person with ordinary specially excluded irorn tins section, as 1
be covered with a strip of canvas to hide it, intelligence will find no difficulty in making protection is dealt with by the Act pci
making the painting appear as one. an application unassisted, and the fees are preferred to. As, doubtless, amongs

so trifling as to be within the means of
almost everyone.

It will be my aim at the same time to
give much necessary information as to the
rights so acquired, and the general principles
of the law.

HOW TO SECURE COPYRIGHT IK

DESIGNS.

BY CSABLES KELSEY,

Introduction—Definition of a Design—Sculp¬
tors not Included — History of the

DiiHlGNS CoBVETGHT—WHERE DESIGNS ARE

Registered—Act and Rules, Price, and
"Where Obtained
Definition of

Must be New on Original—Definition of
N ew on OriginalWhat is “Publi¬
cation ’“Subdivision into Classes—List
of Classes and Remarks Theheon.

i > r

;

How to Secure Copyright in Designs

November 21, 1891]

Work

♦

are sculptors, modellers, Copyright

in Designs was the Act 27 of were included in the “ Ornamental ’’ Act
George III., Cap. 38, which came into opera- previously alluded to.

tion on June 1st, 1787. This was intended granted, to quote from the Act, applied

readers of Work i

and plaster-cast makers, I propose dealin
with it in a supplementary paper, for a brief

is Act

resume of th
them.

would

Design for any

to any new or original

article of Manufacture having reference to

.calicoes, cottons, and muslins. It gave a

for the shape or protection for two months only from the | some Purpose of Utility,
configuration ” which render this seetion date of publication.

useful for the protection of many minor registered, but the proprietor’s name
inventions. If the essential novelty in an be printed upon each piece. The

invention consists in making the article, or enacted for one year only. In the following tion, or only for a
portion of the article, of some novel shape year a continuing Act was passed. _ By sub
or configuration—perhaps to enable it to sequent Acts the period of copyright was
better perform its purpose, or, it may be, to extended, and designs printed upon other

It is the terms

.so fur us such

The designs were

not

nr (Vtiiligura-

■<

■

r I

had to tiun of such Article, arid that whether it He
Act was for the whole of such Shape ur Cmdigtira-

psirt thereof.

was, in fact, used for the pro

This Act

tection of the many minor art id

* s which

I m ..

were being invented, which

its purpose, or, it may be, to

wore nut con-

owners siiflirii'iit !\ important

sidcred by their

ensure

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Hg. 5*—Mortis© and Tenon Joint Fig. 6.—Halved Joint

FigB. 9 r 10, il, 12.

Fig. Jointing by nailing Piece over Butted Bade
Back Views of Wing and Set Pieces In Figa, 2, z t 4, Fig, 13.—-Covering Profiles with Canvas.

How Froflle is put on.

or for some other such

...-it. f . „ . ,. rea3 , on . The next great step was in 1842, when a I or sufficiently valuable to ho made the

possible to secure protection tor it by Regis- further Act was passed, 5-6 Vic. Cap. 100,

p®? 10 - 1 } .f ®« cct ually as by patenting it. known as the “Ornamental Designs Act,” “Patent/’ At that time the Patent foes

no \ conf ™V° w hich instituted the present practice of were much highe.

re f glbter lfc unde ^ registering a design to secure copyright, and complicated.

. + ,fv b™ , a ^ ltl( icate was granted the protection was extended to patterns and 1 These laws remained in force up to 1883,

nL nt «h n?, m a C l L wa ® no , tsuc 4, a ornaments applied to the articles produced when the present Act was

if „ nhei a 1 .,, *i\ ■ n . registered would, in other trades. The shapes or configurations extended the term of Copyright to a uni form

iLSfiSl. by C0UrtS) mvahdate the of articles of manufacture were also covered

TKnRi?/?' ffi- . the object being to protect, in like manner,

T (rnr,rl Pn P f J 3 r art ot Act throws the shapes produced by the putter, metal- under one head.

° f . h ¥^ opon what may and worker, and other manufacturers. Under the old arrangement it

pro ected under the In 1843 was passed the “Useful Designs difficult to draw the line between
and so 1 give a brief Act,” 6-7 Vic, Cap. 65, the object of which sliapeandanornamental sha|

was to protect articles of utility which were

subjects for application for the grant of a

and the procedure very

passed, winch

rou

was very

a useful

the distinc¬
tion was abolished. Now any article of manu¬
facture in which the shape or ennliguration

what rrm
Designs
rfaumi of it,

_ History of the Designs Copyright .—T
first attempt of the legislature to grant

w not d

Copy rig lit

or ornamental' shapes of articles, such

of the whole or of some part is the essential

504

How to Secure Copyright in Designs.

[Work—November 21, 1391.

novelty may be registered, whether it is for or copied a design without giving the

si lilt- purpose of utility or for ornament original designer or inventor some con sider-

merely, in addition to designs, patterns, ation for it, will not be protected, even if
and ornaments formerly included under a certificate be granted to them,
the "Ornamental Designs Act.” It is this Designs m/nst be New or Original .—All
inclusion of the old “ Useful Designs Act” designs applied for should be
in the present Act which renders it appli- original,” and such as have not been, pri

cable for the protection of many minor to the date of application, “published” I Class II.

inventions tor articles of utility, and if within the United Kingdom. These are This term, “jewellery,” is treated by the
they conform to the conditions stated, such important points to be borne in mind, for Office as meaning personal ornaments. This
an ivies may be thus fully protected. neglect of them will invalidate the regis- class is not restricted to articles in metal,

I \ here Designs are Registered .—As will tration. They are the most usual pleas but includes designs produced in the other

been gathered from iny foregoing raised as a defence to an action for infringe- substances used in jewellery, such as pre¬
part of the business meat of copyright, and have given rise to cious stones, jet, coral, horn, etc.

many interesting decisions from the judges Class III. —“Articles composed wholly
who have tried these actions. As these or chiefly of wood, bone, ivory, papier-mUche,
which is under the direction I decisions govern the construction, or the or other solid substances not included in

meaning of the words used in the Act, they other classes.

. deciding what the Act deems This is a general class for designs for
—i » an( j ^hat is meant by works executed in solid substances other

n one case it was held than those included in the special classes,
that the reproduction of an article which It includes, in addition to the materials
lets and Rules, Price, and where Obtained. I had been published in a different material mentioned, designs for works in stone, and
—Copies of this Act, commonly called the —such as making a design in metal which such substances as indiarubber, gutta-percha,

“ Patents, Designs, and Trade Marks Act, was well known in china—did not con- | vulcanite, etc.

1883 ’ (price Is. 7-Jd., by post Is. 9a.), may be stitute a “ new or original” design ; and in

procured at the Sale branch of the Patent another case it was held that the copying of I chiefly of glass, earthenware, or porcelain,
O fiicc, 38, Cursitor Street, Chancery Lane, a photograph of a well-known person upon- bricks, tiles, or cement.’ 5 .

London. E.C., or will be forwarded to any china was also not a new design ; but it lias Primarily for designs in fictile materials

address if Postal or Post-Office Orders are been held that a new combination of old which are solidified by baking or burning,

sent addressed to the Comptroller. parts was perfectly valid. The law is, evi- like pottery, bricks, and tiles, and also for

Copies of the Designs Rules, 1890, are aently, only for the protection of the design glass. The term “ cement ” includes designs
fid., by post 6J-d. Copies of the amending or invention which has been bond-fide in artificial stone—possibly articles made
Act of 1888 are lid., by post 2d. invented or designed by the applicant or by in plaster of Paris—and such-like articles

Copies of “Instructions to Persons who some person working for him, and which which are formed in a plastic state, and
wish to Register Designs,'’ which contain they have registered before publishing. solidify afterwards without the aid of heat,

much valuable information, are given gratis It has also been held that designs must Class V .—“ Articles composed wholly or
at the Office, or will be forwarded by post if be “substantially new or original” to claim chiefly of paper (except hangings),
applied for. protection. Some slight variation is not Includes, besides paper, designs on < or

H7/o can Register .—The person entitled sufficient: there must be, in each case, a articles made with cardboard and the like
to copyright is the proprietor of the design, substantial novelty. substances, and it becomes sometimes diffi-

mnl the Act gives a definition of “ pro- What is Publication .—On the question of cult to draw the line between these and

in Sec. Gl. It runs : “The author publication, it will invalidate the Registra- the papier-miche included in Class III.
of any new or original Design shall be con- tion if the design has been exhibited, before This class also includes designs for Christ-
sidcred the proprietor thereof, unless he Registration, for the purpose of seeing if mas cards, greeting cards, etc., but such
executed the work on behalf of another 1 orders could be obtained for the article, goods are much more frequently entered for
person for a good or valuable consideration, ' although, in the same case, it was held that Copyright at Stationers’ Hall, and on this
in which case sueh person shall be considered consulting an expert as to the workability point it is difficult to say which is the more
the proprietor ; and every person acquiring, of the design was not such “publication” as correct proceeding ; but when they are of
for a good or valuable consideration, a new would be fatal to the after-acquired rights. some novel shape in addition to the orna-
nncl original Design, or the right to apply It should be understood that, even if a mentation, of their surface, Registration as
the same to any such article or substance as certificate of Registration has been acquired, designs would appear to be the safest
aforesaid, either exclusively of any other i if these points of publication and novelty course. Frequently manufacturers register
person or otherwise, and also every person have not been attended to, the Registration them at both Offices, and possibly they
on whom the property in such Design or will be invalid. would be entitled to some protection under

such right to the application thereof shall Subdivision into Classes .—The Act and the law regulating Artistic Copyright,
devolve, shall be considered the proprietor Rules subdivide designs, for the purposes Class VI —“ Articles composed wholly or
of the Design in the respect in which the of Registration, into fourteen classes, taking chiefly of leather, including bookbinding of
same may have been so acquired, and to as the distinguishing feature the material all materials.”

that extent, but not otherwise.” in which the design is to be produced. This class includes designs for all leather-

In this respect the Designs section differs Registration only applies to the class or covered goods, such as writing and despatch
from the Patent. The grant of a Patent to classes of goods for which application is and dressing-cases and the like, which are
a person who has seen some invention made. Thus a design may be registered as so covered. Also designs for bookbinding
broad and first brings the knowledge to a paper-hanging, and may be produced by in all the materials which are used for this

this country is valid, but the definition of another person as a cretonne or furniture work. . „

proprietor seems to preclude such a pro- print; so that it is necessary, if the applicant Class VII.— u Paper-hangings.

ci'iuling in the case of a design. Here the wishes to apply his design to more than one The class includes designs for all the

applicant must be either the author, i.e., class of goods, that he should make separate varieties of paper-hangings. .

the original inventor, or designer, or a per- applications for each class required. Only Class VIII. —“Carpets and ru^s m all

son who Has acquired the right from such ; by taking this precaution can he prevent materials, floorcloths, and oilcloths.

Original inventor for a “good or valuable his design being used by other workers in This includes designs lor practically all

consideration,'’ such as works executed while different materials. In cases_ of doubt, floor coverings with, perhaps, the exception
the designer or inventor was in his service, where the applicant cannot decide for him- of indiarubber matting, winch is put with
1 by purchasing the design from the self the proper class in which hi3 application the other indiarubber goods m Class Hi.
original designer. In the case of purchasing should be made, the Comptroller is em- Also all varieties of oilcloths.

n design, it will be well to have a formal powered to decide for Mm by Sec. 47-5, and I Class IX.

document to that effect, to prevent diffi- this is much the beat course to adopt under

cullies arising on that point m the future, such conditions, for this reason : placing in such hosiery goods as

In one decided ease it was held that the the wrong class by the applicant would the like, and knitted piece goods,

gran! of a sole agency in this country was most probably invalidate the Registration, Class X.—“ Millinery and wearing ap-

»ot such “good or valuable consideration” but if placed in the class which the Comp- parel, including boots and shoes. .

as the law meant; and so it would seem troller directed, such a pica could not be May be said to be restricted to designs

that the design must be acquired by cash raised, as he i 3 specially empowered to for complete articles oi wearing appare^.
or its equivalent. Persons who have stolen. I decide such a point. . I Designs for portions of articles of wearing

List of the Classes , with Remarks thereon.

The classes are :—

Class I

Articles composed wholl
chiefly of metal not included in
This includes, in addition to designs

new or executed in all the ordinary metals, works

rior in the precious metals, other than jewellery.

J e wel lery.

i wnouy
Class II.

have

remarks, this forms
carried on at the Patent Office, situated at

Southampton Buildings, Chancery Lane,

London, W.C.,

of the Comptroller-General and his staff,
who act under the powers conferred upon
them by the Act of 1883 and the rules made
in connection therewith, the terms of which
control and regulate all their actions.

are usefu in

new or orq
publication.

Class IV.

Articles composed wholly or

. »

Jg Lace, hosiery.

Includes all kinds of lace goods, and

stockings, socks, and

most probably invalidate the Re
but if placed in the class which t
troller directed, such a plea could not be
raised, as he is specia
decide such a point.

L -

As hpan Making

5&5

Work—November 21,1891. ]

a. rule, has no convenient receptacle for
printed music. To obviate these two

omissions, and afford, beside conventional
artificial light, is the not very subtle problem

attempted herein.

And underneath her window He used to As a piece of joinery, it is enough to
go and strum, In mode at which you would rouse the disdain of the ultra-professional
have wept, His dull harmonium.” So sang workers who cannot tolerate simplicity ; for
Mr. Gilbert in an early “ Bab Ballad,” and it is but a set of shelves after all, and to
the painful truth of his words will be echoed seriously consider the readiest way to make
by all those who live next door to a plod- such a thing is beyond hypothesis. The

a lew small

spindles —h la the anachronistic “ Early

t -Q lieon Anne”—but these may lie

replaced by fretwork, or still better, by
carving, if desired.

The practical point is that a good, useful
music-desk

candle brackets to be ailixed is also given.

The shelves will be useful

I for books if the am atom's

musical library is limited.
With regard to size, the
desk should, I know, be
24 in. wide, and the whole
structure not less than I't.
4 in., the average width ul
If the instrument. tSnppusin

it to be built of I in. stuff,
H that would allow the side

apparel sold separately—not as complete, [ FITMENT TO HANtf ABOVE A SMALL
made-up articles—are placed in the class
indicated by the material of which they are
composed.^

Class XI .—“ Ornamental needlework on
muslin or other textile fabrics.

Includes all designs for hand and machine-
wrought embroidery or ornamental needle
work.

Class XII.

other classes.

This, as appears, is the class for designs ding amateur who has begun to blow the decorations are confined to
for miscellaneous goods which are not reed-chest. Mr. Spurgeon was once asked

included in any of the other classes, if a man could play the trombone in a brass j English
, Designs for textile narrow goods—such as band and yet remain a Christian, to which
fringes, frillings, braids, gimps, ribbons, he is reported to have replied: “ That no
tapes, and the like—are included in this doubt he might, yet, if he practised at home,

. class. _ his next door neighbour could not.

Class XIII .—“ Printed or woven designs But in spite of well-deserved sarcasm
on textile piece goods.”

This is a very large
class, including designs for
all textile piece goods—
that is, goods sold by the
yard — including all the f|
varieties of dress goods
and furniture textiles. In

eludes, in addition to F!
printed and woven designs, |
patternsexecuted by stamp- |
ing or embossing and cut- |
ting, like varieties of vel

vets and velveteens
Class XIV .—“ Printed
or woven designs on hand
kerchiefs and shawls.

In addition to the ar
tides indicated, includes
textile squares generally
such as bed-quilts, table
linens, towels, and such

like goods

complete in themselves,
singly or by the dozen.

It should be noted that
in the wording of the first

six classes—with the ex
ception of Class II.—the
words “ wholly or chiefly
occur. This means that
articles composed of more
than one material should
be applied^for m the class

sitated registration in each ^

o. the classes over which Fitment to Hang auove a Small Harmonium* ture for bazaars, which will

the materials of the de- __ form a counter attraction to

ran, so that the amendment made is freely launched at the people who make the the too numerous cushions and antimacassars

all in favour of the applicant b . most distressing noises with the aid of the which usually form the staple article for

It should also be borne in mind that it is harmonium, it is capable of excellent music; [ sale at these entertainments,

the design or patterns applied to some and if only I dared to give a column of
material, or the forms or shapes executed advice-Hfrom one who knows—I fancy it
in some material, that is protected—not the might be more useful to the amateur than
material itself. the music-desk and shelves it is my object

Having now fairly launched the reader to describe,

into the subject, I shall, in the subsequent ^ If one who has suffered the miserable This short paper is to be taken as a reply to

papers, deal with making the application, incompetence of a so-called music-desk to a query on the subject by J. \V. (Jhrf),

and the procedure the Office takes thereon j carry out its professed intention could say The first thing to learn in making these

and then deal with what constitutes an here plainly what he really thought of that articles is to know how to go and measure for

infringement, and various other minor irritating imposture, either the Editor would them. I speak from experience, and 110

matters relating to the subject, I shall deal cut it out, or the Magazine itself would be doubt many brother workmen can confirm

with every branch as completely and sue- disgraced by profanity. For the arrange- the statement that not one person in twenty

einctly as space will allow, and I shall make merits made by the manufacturers of small bringing an order for an ash pan to an iron-

no apology for doing so on account of the harmoniums to keep the music at the pro- monger has a sufficiently intelligible order

mterest which is evinced in everything re- per angle and allow its pages to be turned or sketch to enable the workman to mnjo

biting to patents and patent laws and usages over are, as a rule, merely absent—for the it without going to the range or grate and

as soon as the subject is broached in the small harmonium never suggests that any- taking his own

page* oiFt-ins Magazine. 1 hat it is one that is one might occasionally be tired of playin^

0 highest importance to every workman from memory, and wish to have his music | lik
cannot be denied, and on this ground alone | in front of him,
it deserves consideration

HAKM0a T IU3L

BY PALGKAVE MOBKISOK

Goods not included in

is offered ; that space

for 1 wo

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recesses to be only 0

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each, whereas they are
shown t\v ice as w id e. 15 n t

53*

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I prefer the whole to over

BJi

lap tlie instrument, if

soual reasons decide other¬
wise, there is no reason
why there should be any
side shelves on the music-
desk level. All the details
are purposely left vague to
suit the taste of am- who

■ j

wish to adapt an idea, for,
after all, the idea is the
main tiling. If it lie an

idea, however badly tmitei

the clever worker soon dis¬
covers the way to better it;
and so far as I know, ob¬
vious though such a thin
be, no one has illustrated

such a combination of desk

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and shelving as tlint su-

S I 1 *

ASH FAN MAKINt

BY It. ALEXANDER.

Jf ■

am. To do this,
t make a sketch of tho bottom of the pan

; next measure the width of the
! fire-hole that it is to fit in ; anil here it is
Then* again, like a piano, tho instrument, l that an error often creeps i

1-1"

in Wonlc.

in.

565

Saddles for Riding on Horseback.

[Work—Noy ember 2L 1S9X.

range-set te r 3 are only human after all, and strip of tin or zinc to get the length to cut

part of the lire-hole is the front. Cut the piece, and cut a notch
narrower than the front, so that an ashpan each end at the part that is to be the top ;
made the right size, apparently, when tried at the height of the wire of the back part
in jams half-way, necessitating either an cut a piece out of the front as shown in Fig
alteration of the pan or a cutting of the 3; wire the top, and bend round to shape,
brickwork underneath. To avoid this, cut a The parts marked a are bent round and | ground.

the toe.

If a stirrup is used by them, it is
still in the same position, though the stirrup
is a block of wood with a hole in it mostly.
. These men are rarely ever unseated from

the wildest horses in flight over rough

So far, all horsemen agree that the stirrup

should be more central on the

with that test the back of the fire-hole both the parts B are riveted to the 1 in. parts

at the bottom and top. Whatever the size is, thrown off the back (see a, b, Fig. 1). Next saddle. Why is it not? requires a view of
write that at the back of your sketch as throw off the edge for the bottom, shape up a tree to convey an answer.

Tiin. The next dimen- again, and mark out the bottom with a Modern trees are made in a way to pre-
sion to take is the “ depth.” Do not con- slate pencil, allowing nearly \ in. all round ; vent a central hanging, as will be seen from
found this term with the height, of which I turn up, pane down, and knock up in the Fig. 1, of a saddle-tree with its stirrup-bar,
will speak presently; the depth, A A, is the , usual way. Punch a hole in the centre of which is fixed partly to the pommel point
distance from front to back. Always mark front, and rivet in a bright range knob with and partly to the belly of the tree, or that

less than your measure, two or three thick washers inside. If any part which joins the pommel in front to the .
as a little space at the back does not further information is required, I shall be cantle behind. This is just three inches too
matter, but it looks veiy bad to see an ash- pleased to give it to any who may ask for it. forward at the least, and is the main cause
pan stand out from the grate. We will say | of the mischief that results to both horse

for an example of depth 6.} in., arid mark it and rider.

on the plan as shown. The shoulder of the A Why fix it here ? begets the question—

an inch each side. SADDLES FOB RIDING ON HORSE- V. by make trees which render any other
Draw a line from shoulder to shoulder and BACK. fixing impossible? Tree-makers know no-

then mark the distance the front has to be WITH RECENT euprotements tit thing about horses or riders ; they make by
from that : it varies from 4 in. to 7 in., STIRRUP HANGING the gross, and that is all they know or care

■ ■ . about. The saddler buys these trees, and

by John Charles KING- |~assumes they are right, and covers them.

n in exa

\ *

-?Yv

Several patents are taken out in England
in each ensuing year for saddle improve¬
ments ; for cross and side saddles, some of
them to obviate or nullify the very parts
which had at some previous time □
patented as improvements. And some with*
out the patents are correct as far as they
go.

ecn

The hunting season is here, and its sure
fatalities and 1

amings of riders follow with

Seven

increased intensity

every year,
deaths and six hundred falls, with injuries,
were last year’s hunting season’s record.

A Queen’s huntsman boasted ten falls in

riders tilted out of the

Tig. 2,

one run.

saddle in view at one fence. All this is
discreditable for a nation of horsemen, and

should be rectified.

The fault, in
perienced riders, is that the stirrup is hung
SO forward that it does not serve to support

JH 1-1 J % * V - I. Si Ji jm *

rig. l

I T;

of some ex

Fig. L—Ordinary Saddle - tree with Forward

Stirrup Leather. Fig. 2 —Double Suspension
Stirrup Leather Fixing. Fig. 3.—Front View
of Saddle, showing where Stirrup Leathers
come under the Eider’s Knee-grip at A, A-

.m 2.

but about six inches in front of it, where the

Pig. 1. — Plan of AsUpan for Kitchen Range. £ ee j fa . U . to W* 1 t-h» body unless the

Flsr. 2 —Flat Pattern of Back Part Pie 3— body is leant forward over the stirrup,

Flat Pattern of front. * " fixings. This action of the rider decen- The rider buys the saddle, the groom mostly

tralises him, and causes him to tilt forward has an interest in approving of it, and the
according to the size of the ashpan. In our over the forelegs of the horse, and to use new thing starts on its break-neck career,
example I have marked it 4.J in. t'wo his rein 3 and hands on the horse's withers “ Four men have been killed from that
more dimensions now need to be marked to effect a balance at the landing from a saddle,” remarked an old helper in a
down—that is, the height of the back part leap. This weight thrown on to the forelegs “Where’s the fault?” was asked of him
and the height of the front. These, of of a horse causes him to knuekle-oveFj or and answered

course, vary with circumstances. I have pitch on his knees, unless he pitches the rider that the riders who lean on the stirrup get

marked: back 7 in., front 10 in., which over his head and breaks his neck, and tipped out before they know it. The old

is about an ordinary average. Some thereby saves his own. For it is noticed that style was to hang stirrup leathers on the bar

people cut a paper pattern, but this is un- if the horse unseats his rider he saves him- I of the tree three or four inches back, then a

necessary if the directions I have given are self often, but if the rider hangs on to the man was safer.

followed, though in the case of a register horse, both come down together, sometimes

is generally necessary. I the man undermost.

As all correct riding is by knee-
obvious that the supplementary ai

not interfere with this grip,

The bars are so forward

Military saddles are made

so.

However hung, the stirrup leather is right

in the way of knee-grip, and forms a shift¬
ing wad of leather that prevents fair and
easy gripping, as

grate ashpan it

rip, it is i
of stir

can

give

ing up, and must

improver, that you

resume, as you are an
now something of the I nips should

trade and

all riders would be the same—at „ . _

the middle of the horse’s body from hip to view of a saddle and stirrup from the front.

shoulder, and at the middle line from back A, A, are the three thicknesses of leather

to belly. This part of a horse moves but under the knee on each side, being one inch

or down or radially in turning,
e graceful pose of the barebacked mar the perfect gri

causing eczema insi

names

Use 24 gauge charcoal iron or soft

terms.

steel for small size, and 22 ditto for larger
ones. First cut out the piece for the back
marking it out like Fig.2, whicli is supposed I little up
to be for the size given above. Fold the hence tli
top and wire, leaving the wire out 3 in. at rider.

each end ; bend square on the hatchet stake The legs need support, and the_ slighter | riders
down the lines, then bend on the lines; the better, but it must not ‘ m ‘

you will find that you must mark them on knee-grip, and need not, 1 character in

the other side. Next bend the wire that you The horsemen of the pampas of South stirrup ^and
leave out straight up. Having got this America have a hole in tie skin strapped knee. I—
part of the ashpan true and square, bend a on their horses, or a strap pendant from the | simplest way

1 p

ip of the knees, often
ide the knees with old

se to he gained is of a twofold
centralising the position of the
removing the leather from the

This has beeu accomplished in the

possible by a rider who, as

5°7

A Useful Metal Lathe

^York—"November 21.1891. j

he thought of it, altered his hunting I the plane-iron is necessarily rounding,” or to the same level; then I would bring the

saddle he beftn^a workman as well as horse- I the corners would dig in. The result is that two points, b, and its fellow at the other

iinan. ’ the work tried across presents the appear- end, to such a position that one would be

The result was a saddle with the stirrup ance of a series of shallow curved grooves, higher and the other lower than A. Now I
leathers parted so as to hang from two The plane, therefore, must be so sharpened would draw a line right round the casting,
latches one on the cantle point, the other and used as to make these as little notice- on a level with a, as shown. In these opera-

’ ' hown in Fig. 3, able as possible. This is another reason for tions an engineer would use a metal surface

so that the grip of the knees comes between advocating finely-set planes. which had been planed and scraped perfectly

the two straps, and the knees are spread an If the 4 1 in. by 3 in. stuff ha3 been true to lay the casting on, and to draw the

essential consideration for adopted for a lesson, it will be possible lines and gauge the heights would employ a
safe and comfortable riding, as has been to take another step—that is, to learn what scribing-block, one form of which is shown,
satisfactorily proved by its use by one rider ‘‘winding” means, and how to correct it. in Fig. 4. The-pointer can be moved up
ia 10,000 miles 5 riding in seven years, on Procure two pieces of wood equal in size and clown the pillar, and secured at any
young horses, without once having an acci- —say, 12 in long, H in. wide, and 1 in. point by means of a thumb-screw. It can
dent to horses or rider. thick. See that they are parallel. These also be drawn in and out and fastened by

pieces are to be placed across the work, another thumb-screw. A Hat piece of wood,

one at each end; then by viewing both, or the top of the dining-table, would do for

bringing the eye down to glance from one us instead of the surface-plate, and the

to the other, it will be seen whether the | heights could be measured by a compass

two are in one plane. If they do not
appear to lie in one plane, the surface is
winding,” and opposite comers rfiust be
reduced till satisfactory.

These two lessons must be worked, as,

lx our first lesson we tried to understand taking so short a time to read, they might I tinetly if it is rubbed over with chalk before
the plane, howto take it apart, sharpen, be thought unimportant; but upon complete marking, and they can be made permanent

and put it together. We will now proceed a mastery of the plane depends the success of by dotting them over at short intervals

-step, and try to learn to use it. the worker. with the centre-punch and a light hammer.

The learner must not work on a bench - ■»•»■■ Measuring from a 4 in. along the line,

that is too high. When the board to be another deep dot may be placed at x, and a

planed is in position, and the worker takes A USEFUL METAL LATHE. line scribed and dotted at right angles to

the jack-plane in hand ready to begin, a by self-helper, the line a x, which we will denote by c p.

line drawn through his elbow and wrist —- By standing the square on the table top this

.should be rather lower than higher at the receipt or Castings—Lining O ut— Scitisi ng - can easily be done. The same should
wrist, though if the fore-arm is level it will block—Drilling the Deadstocks—Simple repeated at the other end. A couple of lines,

Drilling Press—Beaming out Poppet Cy- e f and a n, should also be drawn, .seven -
Be sure not to attempt to take off thick I linder— Grinding out Ditto—Fixed Head- i eighths of an inch at either side of the centre

shavings at the outset, and do not be dis- I™ 1 If JP U m line, and these continued along the base.

■appointed—as so many are—if you cannot at Ditto — Cylinder Screw — Hand- wheel — Until now the casting should not have

-once take a shaving oft’from end to end. Locking Handle—Fixed Hkadstock—Cones ' been moved when it was once set. It may

If the wood has any hollow in it, it will be for Mandrel—Lock Nuts—Pulley—Thrust now be taken up and stood so that the line

impossible to do so, and even if perfectly Bracket—E ic-ti n ing of Castings—Fitting a x is vertical, and the line c D at one. end

straight, very improbable that a beginner Bases of Deadstocks. and its companion at the other will be

can do so. Amateurs at the beginning On the arrival of the castings, the first horizontal. They should be blocked up to
always plane too much off the end near the thing to be done is to look them carefully j the same level, and lines drawn at each side

bench stop, and are too apt to move the over, and if there are any lumps or rough of the casting connecting them, so that

arm in the arc of a circle. These errors parts they should be touched up with a there is a line right round the casting near

must be avoided by careful attention, chisel and an old file. _ its base. This will be a guide afterwards

There is no royal road to efficiency in any- It is scarcely within my province in this for us to chip and file down to.
thing. present paper to describe all the operations Taking A for centre, a circle J in. in

Try to plane the centre of your material of turning, chipping, and filing ; but I hope radius may be described and clotted at each
Tather than the margin, for if you have a that either myself or another writer in these end, and the lining-out of the poppet is com¬
ood plane in good order, it is impossible to pages will, in a future number, fully describe pleted. That for tlic fixed lieadstock will

make the wood much too hollow or concave; these operations, for the benefit of any who be done in exactly the same way, except

■whereas., howpver good the plane, careless do not understand them. _ that the lines e f and g h may be omitted,

use of it can and will make the work con- The castings of the headstoeks will then The operation of lining out may appear un¬
vex in every direction. require to be “ lined out.” This is a very necessary and tedious to the beginner, but it

I know of jao better lesson than to try important matter in all engineering work, is of the greatest service i n supplying lines
and “ face up that is, level— two pieces of and would require far more space for its to which we will work afterwards,
stuff so that they will, when brought to- full treatment than I am able to devote to Drilling next demands our attention, and
gether, be in mutual contact. You will fail it here. it is here the amateur will find the greatest

several times, but unless you persevere We will take the poppet, as embodying difficulty, if he has not a lathe or some suit-
until successful, you need not try to make mo3t detail, and proceed to line it out. The able drilling machine at hand. I will sup-

* Piece of furniture or attempt anything centre of the cylinder at the top is found pose he has only the pillar press and hand- jt

difficult. at each end by means of a compass, and brace, which are to be found in roost country

a word on the wood. If you try to centre-punched lightly. It is scarcely neces- smithies. He will re ■ | u i re, for the present,
plane too small a piece of wood, yon will sary for me to describe a centre-punch, but two drills, one to bore three-quarters and the
not make such good progress ; the little I may mention that it i 3 a piece of steel, as other seven-eighths of an inch hole. The
■pieces are sure to be made convex in length at Fig. 2, having one end coned down to chief difficulty is to enter the drill truly.

*y a beginner. If experience may give a point, the angle of the point being, wlxen To do this I would describe a number of
-advice, I would say ta£e a piece not less perfect, 65°, and.hardened* concentric holes having A (Fig- 1) for the

than 2 ft Jong—it may be more, in fact. The middle point, B (Fig. 1), across the base common centre. I would then start the
Hie best results have been obtained by a of the headstock is also found, and marked drill, and if it did not work concentrically

class of boys under my superintendence by very slightly at each end. The casting is with the circles, cut a chip out in the direct

using pieces of wood 4 ft, long, in, wide, now laid on its side on some flat surface, tion I wished it to go with a tool like Fig. 5.
unci Z in. thick* The wood was best spruce, and blocked up until the points A and B This can easily be made of a piece of round
and being too stiff to bend, and affording (Fig* 3) are exactly the same height* It steel. It is a sort of gauge, and is used like
a good, surface, it was cheap material for will be found that the corresponding points a cold cliisel—in fact, the corner of a cold

practice. ^ _ at the other end will be nearly the same chisel could be made to act as a substitute*

_ When some facility has been obtained, height also, but if the casting is not When the drill is driven in a little further,

* l k i°r , a ^ ^ n ' sc l aare or a straight- straight they may not be. In such a case I it will be found to move towards the part
cage should be employed, to test the aeeu- would have the two points representing the cut out, and by withdrawing it often enough

racy or want of it centres rif the cylinder—that is, a, and the it can be made to become quite central

L must not be forgotten that the edge of j corresponding one at the other end—brought before the shoulders have entered.

soon as

on the pommel point, as is s
so that the grip J

inch less:

■SHORT LESSONS IN WOOD-WORKING

FOR AMATEURS.

BY B, A. BAXTER.

until regulated, ami the line drawn round
by means of a parallel strip of wood planed
down until just wide enough to reach from

the surface of the table to a.
the casting will show up much more dis

The lines on

The Plane.

*do.

563

A Useful Metal Lathe

[Work— November 21,1S151#

in. dull is to be put through the I now turn to the fixed headstock, which I While the mandrel is thus driven into the
poppet cylinder, and the tyro will be .is to have two £ in.,holes bored, one at. lathe, airijiity drill can be pressed against,
pretty tired of drilling before it is done, each end, concentric with the .bosses., its end with the back centre, and a hole
When it is half through, the poppet should These holes must be coned out to take the bored to the depth of about three-quarters
be reversed, and the remainder bored from mandrel. The best way to do this is, I of an inch; a smaller drill, one nine-sixteenths,
the other end. For the sake of those who think, with a milling tool, which I repre- of an inch in diameter, can then be substi-
have not even a pillar drill to fall back sent in Fig. 8. It is a tool made from a tuted and the hole continued for about five
upon, I give in Fig. 6 a plan which I adopted piece of cast-steel, turned down to" a long, inches. The mandrel may then be reversed,

one time to bore a hole about this size with, conical point, and having teeth cut in its and a hole a quarter of an inch drilled at the
A pillar was bolted to the leg of the bench, surface simi 1 ar to those found in the common other end for a distance of an inch and an
ana a long arm pivoted to it with a strong rose-bit. A spindle passes through a hole eighth. This hole must then, with a tool,
bolt. Another pillar at the other end pre- in its centre, and a pin prevents the tool be coned until it is three-eighths of an inch
vented the arm from swaying about, and from turning on it. The spindle is fitted : large at the outer end. This tapering would

' also supported a lever by means of which to a brace or chuck, and, the tool being re- be done best by means of a slide-rest, and

the drill could be released. A weight volved slowly and pressed against the work, some would declare such assistance neces-
attached to the end of the arm supplied the produces a beautiful coned hole, the exact sary; but I have often coned out holes by
necessary pressure. Sly drill was made of counterpart of itself. ' hand.

f in. square steel, a foot long, and a flat bar A loose cone at the other end of the Having completed the holes, the centre,
of iron, two feet long, with a square hole in spindle keeps the two holes exactly in the may be prepared to fit the coned hole. It is
the centra and a handle at each end, served same line, which is a matter of the utmost of the best cast steel, and turned to fit the

to convey motion to it. Of course, the top of importance. ^ . hole,and afterwards ground into it. The point

the drill was coned to fit a centre in a piece of The dimensions of a suitable milling is then turned while the mandrel is sup-

iron screwed to the lower surface of the arm. arrangement would be as follows : Spindle, ported as in Fig. 9. The point of the centre
A brace could be used in this affair instead of five-eighths of an inch in diameter and a foot should be coned to an angle of 55°, which

the handies. I do not recommend this in long ■ mill, largest diameter one inch, length is something smaller than that made by a
preference to a better machine ; I just men- two inches ; a quarter of an inch to be triangular file in a piece of thin iron. It is-

tion it to show what can be done, and per* parallel, and the remaining inch add three- a good test for the coned hole if the centre,

haps it will be a useful hint to some readers quarters tapering from an inch to three-H will run true after having been turned half

who might find the drilling an insurmount- quarters of an inch. The loose cone should round from the position in which it was
able difficulty. If the holes from both ends fit the spindle nicely, and be of the same finished; but even if it is a shade out of
meet pretty fair iu the centre of the cylinder, taper as the cutting cone. Most beginners truth it would be well to be satisfied, as I
it will be a great matter ; but if they are out would find a great difficulty in making a question whether the hole could be made
to any considerable extent, a round tile must satisfactory milling tool, and so I am quite true without very good tools,
be used until there is a through hole without tempted to make an offer which is likely Having proceeded so
any violent projections. This must now be to be useful to many of my readers. It is be plac ed bet ween the 1

cleared out to size with a reamer. A capital to lend a mill to anyone of the subscribers to outside turned to fit the cylinder, which,

reamer for the purpose can be made of a worn- Work who is following my instructions in has been prepared for it. ,If the centres
out fiat, file, one inch wide. The teeth must lathe making, for the purpose of coning out of the working lathe are too small for
be ground off, and the edges backed off to a pair of holes, on condition that he pays the holes which have been made in the
give a cutting edge, as seen at Fig. 7. The postage both ways, and deposits with me the mandrel, these latter may be plugged with
point will enter the hole in the poppet for a value of the tool, as a guarantee for its safe pieces of iron turned to fit. The centres;
considerable distance, and act as a guide, return and careful use. I am induced to. on which the plugs were themselves turned
and a couple of semi-circular pieces of wood make this offer solely through a, desire to should be used when turning the man-
should be employed to steady the tool. It help beginners, and can in no way gain any- ! drel.
might be held in the vice vertically, and the thing by it.
oppet revolved, if necessary, with a short
ever passed through the space between base be well to
and cylinder.

The

far, the mandrel may
lathe centres and the

It will not be easy to turn this mandrel
When the holes are milled out, it would perfectly round and parallel. Yerv light

give them a mb of a lap coned cuts should be taken, and then the last
down to the proper angle; but I would touches given with a fine file, and emery
The reamer should be worked right I avoid emery here, as it is almost impossible cloth stretched on a piece of board. When
through, and the hole will then be found to be to get it out of the metal. The grit that is the point enters the hole in the poppet, on
very nearly, if not quite, parallel and smooth, found in the bottom of a grindstone trough, no account should any more be taken off it.
If we want to make a really good job of it, or pounded whetstone, would be just the for if it is found to fit the end of the hole
w r e should grind it out. This is effected by thing. I ought to have mentioned that the and not go in further, the hole cannot be
casting .a cylinder of lead on a bar of iron, hole, when coned, should taper from an inch parallel. If, however, care has been taken
and turning it parallel for six inches, and a at the biggest part, to thirteen-sixteenths at in the lapping operation, this will not be
tight fit for the hole ; then it should get the smallest,thus decreasing three-sixteenths likely to occur. In really well-made lathes,
slightly bigger —just a shade — and be of an inch in an inch and a quarter full. this mandrel fits most beautifully. I know
parallel for three or four more inches. We have now the handstoeks bored and some in which it will not shake when it is

The front part of the lead lap, as it is must prepare the mandrels. These are fre- out almost to its furthest extent, and we
called, acts as a guide, and the remainder quently made of good wrought iron, but I should aim at this degree of perfection in
grinds out the hole as it passes in. This will prefer steel, either Bessemer or cast. The our work.

make a far truer and rounder hole than to poppet mandrel is a plain cylinder six and a In Fig. 10 will be seen the cylinder man-

have the lap fit through at first, and then half inches long, and an inch and a sixteenth drel fitted with its centre pushing screw ana

to press the cylinder which is being ground in diameter, the extra sixteenth being for nut. The pushing screw is half an inch m

as equally as possible all round. The grind- turning up. If it comes from the forge rough diameter and of the length shown, with a
in e? is effected by smearing the lead with it should have centres drilled at each end collar in the place indicated. It is very
emery and oil, which is frequently replen- | and a cut taken off the entire surface. The often made with a square thread, sometimes

ends should be truly squared also. Then it left-handed, but this is a matter of fancy
is to be mounted in a chuck and the end sup- more than anything else. .
ported with a boring collar. In Fig. 9 I The ordinary Whitworth thread does very
show it in the dead centre lathe as being the well, and it can be cut with a set of dies, anti
simplest. A block of wood is screwed chased to finish and make it true. The nut
against the pulley, a hole having been made is turned to fit the £ in. hole in the end of
.1 have thus been careful in describing the in it to clear the centre. Then the lathe is the mandrel and secured with a couple of
drilling and clearing out of the hole in the driven, and a hole turned out carefully with little screws as shown j-he disc at tne
poppet, because it will be found, I think, a chisel in the centre of the block of wood, back of the collar is drilled, put- on a man-
tlie hardest part of the work to the be- The mandrel is driven into this hole, and if drel between the lathe centres, ana turned
ginner; and if he succeeds in producing a it fits tightly it will be amply sufficient to all over; four holes are drilled and counter-

perfectly smooth and parallel hole concentric carry it. The free end is supported by the sunk, by means of which to attach it to tne

with the casting, he may hope to construct boring collar, which is a plate having a poppet. The hand-wheel is also bored ana

very good lathe. .No pains should be conical hole that the mandrel will enter, but turned, and a little key or leather put in to

spared in this or in any other part of the work not pass through. This plate is attached to secure it to the screw, a nut at the back; pre-

to go as near as possible to absolute perfec- an angle iron, which is bolted to the lathe venting it from coming on. A small s
tion. 1 bed, . I must be cut m the mandrel,

ished, and revolving it in the lathe. It is a
more rapid operation than would appear at
first sight. Of course, I need scarcely sa
that the smallest amount should be taken o

by this means—only enough to true and
smooth the hole.

is seen

Work—November 21,1S93L]

Our Guide to Good Things

57 °

[Work—November 21.1891.

uiulementli, to engage tlio point of a screw
av liicli is made to project into the cylinder.

This slot can be cut out without much diffi¬
culty by means of a cold chisel, an eighth
of an inch wide, finishing with a small file.

The entire headstoek is seen in section in
10. and Fig. 11 explains the action of
the locking handle. A ^ in. hole is bored in
tiie position shown in such a way that it

breaks into the cylinder. A piece of steel

is then fitted to this hole, and a hollow filed

out to the curve of the mandrel; a washer

and a handle turned from a piece of half-

inch square steel serve to do the loekin

It is a very efficient arrangement, and not
■difficult to make.

Fig. 12 is a sectional view of the fixed
headstock. as Fig. 10 is of the poppet,
mandrel should be turned

the dimensions indicated in the figure-
loose cone at the tail end will require to be
very carefully fitted. The hole in it, which
is eleven-sixteenths of an inch in diameter,
must be very carefully bored and lapped
■out perfectly round and parallel. It is to fit
the mandrel “ hand-tight,” as some call it

that is, tight enough to be moved by firm
pressure of the hand, but neither to shake

nor fall off.

Before it has been brought to this state of
perfection it should have been roughed down
■until it was nearly to the finished size ; then,
when put on itsown mandrel and the lock nuts

screwed up, it should be carefully finished
until it will fit exactly the hole in which it
is to run. The fitting of both cones of the
.mandrel to their bearings will be a tedious
piece of work. The holes should be covered
-thinly with red lead and oil mixed to a thin

oaiut; the mandrel and cone should then
be put in place and turned once round by

wfilTi'tlm red^Uhe^ ] ^ ^ / have^dS^

11 ™ j I , ^ , p I , ^ 1 ■ * form of a secret wail for do welling and." other

scraped do\\ n m the lathe until the desired thoroughly good motor for driving small purposes in wood-working, of which I should
object is attained. I lie lock Hilts should machinery, and is now thoroughly established have frequently been glad to avail myself when
have a tine thread ; gas threads will do very as a success in the hands of practical users. It is jointing,pieces of wood together edge to edge
svell, but if the Work has been done satis^ well adapted for amateurs and for professional * for which purpose I myself have been in the

factorily hitherto, it would be worth while workmen whose workshops are not on an ex* habit of using the ordinary wooden dowelling

to get the mandrel nose and tlxe thread at tensive scale, and do not require an engine of peg, or, more frequently, a French nail or wire
the back cut in a screw cutting lathe. I considerable power to drive large machinery, nail with the head taken off and a rough point
have represented the nose as an inch in Thirdly, it is absolutely noiseless and without made with a file in its place; and it is surprising
diameter with Whitworth thread, but it smelL possessing tlie , se essentials, and being in how a wire pin thus formed will hold pieces of

mnv bp murk* pv^ og ««ill every respect safe and reliable, as a motor it is wood together when used at intervals along a

, /J . r . 1 ■ 1 rpi V . • ,-i suitable m any place where small power only is joint, for I have found considerable difficulty in

l n - iuai ei s of an inch* The centre is the rC q U h'ed< Neither eccentrics nor cams enter into forcing two pieces apart when thus connected, so

R,ime a* that tor the poppet, and the hole construction, and the only valve to be found great is the tenacity of the wire- Their utility

should be coned to the same angle, using in the engine is that which is used to stop it. will be at once perceived, both by the professional

the poppet centre to get the correct angle. As there is no boiler, as in a steam engine, the workman and the amateur—for the former will

The pulley is to be bored to fit the mandrel anxiety that will always he felt, more or less, by see how they may he made available in cabinet

hand-tight, and then turned all over and those who use small engines which, as steam work and joinery, and for effecting close and

the V T s made. It is secured to the mandrel engines, most be provided with boilers, is alto- firm joints in laying floor boards and other floors,

with a little key, as is also the back loose gether avoided, as there can be no fear whatever as in parquetry, in which a close, firm, and in-
CQne> of an explosion* There are many cases in which visible joint is desirable; and the amateur will

The little bracket at the back to take the *° other en £ irte could wel1 be , ufied than that ^cognise its semces in putting together shelving,

tlirust of the mandrel may be of wrought or 7^ is *OT?? ted 1 in i tho T accompanying iW pieces of wood of narrow width to form the sides

iron It U Fwur^r! with two ™ tration, as it will work for long runs, and there- of boxes, and other jointing work m the simple

t , { c 1 v . 1 , 1 +1 j. ’ fore for long periods of time, without atry atten- wood-working that he is accustomed

%nd another of hard steel, towards the top, ^ion w h a t ever , There is no exhaust from the to indulge in. For small work the nails

bears tlie end pressure. It works against a cylinder, in which only pure air is used, and this are cut in four useful sizes—namelj

little bit ot hard Steel let into the end of the iL ta moderate temperature, so that very little oil J in., 1 in., in,, and If in. The

mandrel is required* There is no internal combustion or shape wilt be seen, and the mode of

Having the mandrels fitted, the casting ignition in the cylinder, so that the parts are not using it understood, from the accom-
should be again lined out most accurately subjected to severe shocks, but a steady outward panying illustration. It is made with
with their centres. If the mandrels occupy and inward impulse is given to the piston at each a projection at a, or hammer-head, by
the place designed for them in the first lin- revolution of the engine. A minimum of friction which it can bo driven homo into one

ing out, of course the second will correspond and Aguiar working is thus obtained. The cost of the pieces to be jointed, the chisel
with the first : but, if they are a little out, of dm engine is vbry low, being only edge at b readily making its way into

it can be rectified now. The bases of the nlj0 V t " ***“£ P cl \ ho ^ ^ hcr + °. eo “ l or . 18 i . mat f£ , ljnder

L I l n ln ,? S V a i Kl t]}Q u [ l ? leS entrusted to, a servant or anyone ^ho may the point that projects fro.

tb \ui jolts milled five-eighths of an inch in happen to be about the place, as no particular the lower half has been driven and blocked down.

ammeter, ana the hoadstocks are finished, skill is required. Gas can bo u 3 cd as fuel, but at When used in connecting hard wood, holes for
It would improve their appearance a good a greater cost per hour: and, if gas he adopted, the points should first be made with a bradawl,

deal if tilts Cud surfaces could be turned beyond oiling at starting, absolutely no attention They are, or ought to he, obtainable of all iron*

smooth and true. ia required for hours together* The cost of j mongers. The Ft ditoe,

OUR GUIDE TO GOOD THINGS

putting in the engine is very small, there being
epccial foundation required—in fact, on a reason¬
ably sound floor the simple bolting down to
counteract the pull of the belt is all that is neces¬
sary. The engine, as above shown, is No. 4 size,
and then there are three smaller and two
larger.^ The diameter of the cylinder is in.;
the height, length, and width, taken approxi¬
mately over all, are 2 ft. S in., 2 ft. Z in., and
2 ft respectively; its weight is cwt., and its
power is reckoned as being 2-ruan or \ -horse. It
is fitted with a patent governor, which thoroughly
controls the speed. There are no water connec¬
tions to make with the engine, and there are no
complications of mechanism to be found in its
construction.

* *

Pflrtaufeijs, (jurors, and dealers generally are

qur&ted to send irrospeotuses, hilts , £f<!, T of their spseiall-
ties in tools, machinery t and workshop appliances to the
Editor of Work for notice in u Our Guide to Good
Things.** It is desirable that specimens should be sent
for examination atid testing in all cases when this can be
done without inconvenieyice. Sjiecimens thus received
wifi be returneil at the earliest opportunity. It viust be
understood everything which is noticed, is noticed
on its merits only , cui<i that, a$ it w in the power of any^
one who has a useful article for safe to obtain mention

of it in this deixirtment of Wo UK without charge, the

notices given partake in no way of the nature of aduer*
tisements*

The Kqiuxsox Patent Hot-aik Engine.

The Robinson Patent Hot-air Engine, which
was invented by Messrs. A. E. & H. Robinson,
and is made and supplied by Messrs. Norris and
Henty, appears to be one of the most efficient and
useful of all engines of this kind that has yet
been placed, on the market. The inventors and
makers claim for it that it is a most useful and

rc-

86 .

87.

Dtscoveey.

The monthly magazine which is now appearing
under this title, and is published by Mr. E. W.
Allen, is “ devoted to invention, scientific dis-
covery, and the application of science to Indus-
t ri al p urposes, T J There are few readers of Wo k k
I think, who would not pick up much useful in
formation which could be turned to practical
service in the pursuit of any hobby or prosecu¬
tion of daily employment* Correspondents have

frequently asked for a good recipe for luminous

4 paint. The following from “Discovery ” seems

to be good and cheap : “ r ' ake a few oyster shells
and having washed them thoroughly in hot
water, put them into a fire for about half an
hour. When quite cool pound them fine, reject¬
ing tho grey parts. Then put the powder into a
crucible in alternate layers with flowers of sul¬
phur ; seal up the Ed with a paste of sand and
beer. When dry, place the crucible on the fire
and bake for an hour ; when cold, open it, and if
any grey powder is still found, remove it. Then
mix the remainder into a thin paint with fine
varnish. Previous to applying, the article to be
painted should have two coats of white lead and

The

very carefully to

The

i a

■

■ ■ *

i\-

BESS

!P-

■ 11

-J

L .

SiHjS

i ■ a

■fIv-

nifjun

I f PI

’ a

n V r ill!

“I

-1^

; v

■

□

KlRlfi

■ i

■h ifUiilWn

1 ■ jL _ 11 j

Vfj

■d

J li ■ ,1 r m \

I’

\ i: "•

I ft

lilV

111

~ 4

B8FJr

Mi
I i| k

turpentine to form a body-ground for tho luminous

15!

mixture.

■ m

! he Double-pointed Nail.

88 .

■ "■i

cai

PSf

Double*

pointed

Nail*

the wood into which

Shop

57 i

’Work-—November 21 , 1 S 9 L]

the purpose of lighting- one or two incandescent careful, cause it t,o fall to pieces; therefore I

lamps may be said to be unsuitable to the work of want you to be careful, wo that you will oat be dis¬
charging accumulators. The volume of curront paraged over so small a matter, Perhaps those you

from them is much too small, and the tension of worked on hud been worn rather bad, and thus

the current too low to charge anything but a small made weak. This Is one thing 1 hare told you: that

accumulator, oue or two cells at a time* Machines ns your own repairer, never let them wear low—

of the Siemens pattern, with only a two-part com* "a stitch in lime/* etc.--and the cheaper the boots,

mutator, are specially unsuitable* because the cells the more applicable Mils adage to bool repairing,

are liable to discharge themselves across the For machine-sewn, you can follow tlie ml vice given

brusher as soon as they get a full charge, even in my next article— 1 “ Welling and Holing Hand-

whilst the machine is running. This tendency to sewn Work ,J -which will also give you what you.

discharge maybe partially obviated by making the want to know about hand-sewn. I don't know how

slits on the commutator wider than usual, and yougot into such a mm Idle, but. any way. 1 will give

altering the lead and bearing of the brushes so as yon another system (fur sown work) which you will,

to have them touching one half of the ring only perhaps, more readily grasp* When the last# are in,

when at rest The castings advertised include and the boots wet, skive oil' the edge of the sole,

those for the field magnets, armature, and bearings* not right through, or you may spoil tin* welt, but

These arc all the castings required. All other parts still deep enough to cut through the stitches, and

are wrought iron, brass, and steel,—G* E* B* cut their heads oil. Then* as before, the toe can bo

<Zo*i**M nimamn t n Ac wm i raised or prized up from the welt; then ihe taking

si sg^assa r at c*“S

machine, but none when the machine is set to «>*»« «the questions aiww©rctfin hliop. -W. G.

excite its own fields, it shows that your arrange- Book on Brazing.—W\ C. umlflnjfftoiO.—l am
Incubator, -H* E, [South Norwood* S.E.) writes: I ments are defective* As it is a series dynamo, you acquainted with n book treating ot the dith rcnt
In Work, p. 4&I, B* A. B. describes an incu- cannot expect any current from it unless you con- kinds of brazing, or that will give you s.ome idea of

bator regulator. I am afraid he is dabbling in matters nect the terminals together, or place work of low ho w to do some jobs ol brazing and sol tiering. You

he doesn't understand, as anyone who has had resistance between them- If the wire connecting will find some good 1 Remarks on Brazing, 1 by

much to do with mercury will know that under the the terminals has a high resistance, or the work Mr* K. Alexander, on pages GG4 and 797, vol, L* of

conditions as drawn, the expansion will be prncti- has a high resistance, you will not get enough cur* • ork. If you wish to know any more about the

■oally nil, and quite useless for the purpose indicated, rent through it to excite the fields; you may have consult " yiiop/'—G* K Ji.

Bearson's regulator consists of a metal capsule reversed the polarity of the field magnets by send- Sheet Metal Work,—TlN K er*—Tinker points
filled with (I believe) the same liquid as used in my lug current through their coils in the wrong out a slight error in size in reply to a query by

regulator described in No. 109, and also in the direction. Try running the armature in the wrong Blacksmith (Vol, III., p. I2U). It is a printers

article you have in hand. The inventors arc very direction also, and note the result. You may not, error, due, no doubt, 10 bad qaligniphy,

jealous of their patent rights, and will take pro- possibly (for I cannot say with certainty without of '‘lilt x (S}/ 1 it should be 17 x (it* Tiic size given

ccediugs against anyone making or using infringe- knowing more about the machine than supplied in would oc for a o qt. - it. A*

ments. Neither win the/ supply the eausules your letten—you may not have the wire on the Garden Workshop.- Glints.—I am rat her afraid

c\C45pvWxti) DA&cJiliiCSi 1 ““lUnJCfiS H.* 1L* it riodi insr* fields £tnd on tiic liriTicLtrtiro in rifrlife proportion to tout Msis arp t no i- vt gh^i vc for inirxU*!! work-

cury under the conditions indicated, he is not each other* I do not think that the iron bed-plate shop. You do nut state whether the dead wall

entitled to say it will be useless. Doubtless some would be at fault, or you would not get any results asauist wliich vou nrooose 10 nhtccit is ns hiirh or

other arrangement would do better, and, it may be, when the machine is separately excited.-G. E. B. holier, than the back ol‘ ymirshop, or if it in any

L2 v ^ ^f Bicycle Bearings. — __ way interferes with your neighbour’s light Should

th e^reciotacle w ^^i° n^oubt^t \JmSd % be ball bearing requires great give you permission to build such a huge structure

nn knucklc joint ball bearing proposed sliop, make it thoroughly independent,

boll at about 103* all which would be eetfinir verv in s ? ction * A is the body, and put it on wheels, and shift it from Lime to time,

T-TiautSrtn^i ilHtJlSf ; B the scrcwing-in cap, 0 to show that it was not a fixture, taking care at 1 he

jlnuid boillfitr ^ r°en tn>if the sleev ° for tQ same time not to otte.mi your neighbour, you might

109 13 better. but'itil much nearer ^infringement works * “ A - s - p - ■ >‘ idu {j! porker, saying nothing of tlic dilierent ways

criticised Mr. Walkek in the same way; I hope to E. ?. (East Finchley).— hlufthat ft'is* hcit^tcflol the snr vevor'rrlii the''fc?

all criticism,—B. A. B.j' no use as a cement for which is Jus busmuss, ami tlietiadcMiiantocoiifoim

an aquarium, except for tc> ! 1S reading, which he generally has to do no

II.—Questions Answered by Editor and Staff, a bottom, after glazing. A matter how well he muy think he knows the extent

recipe for aquarium ce- o£ Llie

ment baa been repeatedly Fairy Bells.—F, R. H. {Rochdale)*—! can assure

given in the Shop rf a It- H. that it is a real pleasure to help persons

columns of Work, Here 1 “ of liis temper* He asks it I can procure him the

is anotherTake 1 lb. of L- material necessary for the construction of the in¬
pitch, 1 lb, of gutta-percha* tri aTIT Btrument As any country carpenter can supply the

put them in an iron vessel L ^lonai view 01 wood, I presume he refers to the strings and pegs.

over the fire (an old sauce* Bowu sKnuckle-jOlnti - it occurs to me that there will be multitudes of

pan will answer very Ball Bearing, readers of Work situated practically the same as

well), and melt together, F. IIII., who lives on a moor* a long way from a

adding sufficient turpentine to thin the mixture to town, which is visited but rarely* l cannot help

a convenient consistency. In glazing with this remarking, in passing, that Work must be indeed

cement, see that the glass is perfectly clean; the part a boon to persons so isolated ; and, for their benefit,

where the cement will touch should be warmed by I would say that Mr* Beach. Lime Htrcct, Preston*

with has informed me that he will be pleased to supply

small pegs at Is

per ring.

Boot and Shoe Repairing.—S nob.—You want y ^Lfm-t« nrn not the

to know, and also think that many others are in the same as^ B.W G ° I would further siiy if it would

_ IS? ™nSVinlr ^Toith 8 vl 1 ^&nina 1 - I ^ lei P anyone, that, though I am not in business,
current from a battery. A large battery will be fsaid ln^nF ifratArticle wefthe boois Mf von did bcil , lg a niinister, I shall bo glad to supply anyone

will hare to be cleaned and re charged every dS SSnl^SSSS 8 too T i t0 string several fairy bells.-O. H-(F. R. H-'s

anything but an intolerable and filthy nuisance to ha Jb' an seMnnf wiiSi and give the probable cost of the nrliclcs iheyde-

a gentleman using it for supplying current to an „ f] i was^earlVto nlpcM bpfol^YfJ'rtln^iii^n^n scribe, is a good one, and might, with advantage to

a set of accuimdatm-.i fro,., Hmlh a hons. ^ en f lble y° u t0 oateh b °W of It With nippers, and by photographiccamora. \ou will have to buy a proper

fu 11 I natrucUons on eleetrlo iith tlni In iSm M #o J 11113 ' and at ths Bam e time holding the under Advice to a Draughtsman (Furniture, Edn-
80 9* 91 07 !)0 1 nI and 101 of Wnilv - ft* leather (welt, or runner, as they arc often termed) cation in).— 1 Tatiwtbv.—Y ouare promised a berth

thew articles before i:ecidfnvon havhic the^iarn f m have a tendency to give way from the uppers, same firm for which yon are at present shorthand

-G K B cerore dectuicg on having the lamps. klfock the sole back, so that it leaves the rivets writer, and you want a little bit of advice and in-

Tw*a __ . _ . sticking; out* pull the rivets out with the pincers formation* Your letter has been handed to me. and

wynamo ror Charging Accnnritilators*— pr nippeTS, and repeat , the process till you if* after you had read this reply, you wore to see
<-1 1 r* ,!!n ri set of large accumuhLlors tirny he have got the sole off without disturbing the boot* mo, I feel convinced yon would bo inclined to doubt

nu vm? ™i iif. * r ? m i a < s ™ a ^ dynamo* lust and then, before putting the sole on. the under part my sincerity ; for I gather from your letter that you
1; r f l) ™ a w,;:^pond with watcr through a can bo nailed uowh with a few short rivets to area young man, ahtL I am but the aame myself,
i inm^ii1 red In both casee, and makeltBolli *Of course, if very long rivets have However, if I am not experienced enough in the

Hut i ^ I ^ ^command* ^ed in the making or previous repairing* wicked ways of the world, and enabled to give you

a ale, those small machines supplied for I taking off the solo will, if you are not very, very 1 fatherly advice, I can, at least, give you a few

SHOP

A Corner for Those who Want to Calk It.

In consequence of the or eat pressure upon the
Shop '* columns of Work, cant ri but ors are
requested to be brief and co?icise in all future
questiojis and replies*

In cm&mring any of the 11 Questions submitted to Corre¬
spondents ^ 1 or in referring to anything that has appear&i
in “Shop" writers are requested to refer to the number
a?kZ pftsje of number of Work in which the subject under
consideration appeared, and to give the heading of the
paragraph to which reference is made* and the initials
avA place of residence, or the nam-de-plume, of the writer
by whom the question has been asked or to whom a reply
has been already given. Answers cannot be given to
questions which ck> riot bear on subjects that fairly ton te
within the scope of the Magazine*

• *

I*—Letter from a Correspondent,

«. *

Instead

your
fields j
each other

would be at fault, or you would not get any results
when the machine is separately excited,—G, E, B.

Bicycle Bearings.

H, H* [Finsbury). —
would be impossible for
your correspondent to
make hall bearings with¬
out the machinery spe¬
cially made for the pur-
ose f as the making of a

requires great
accuracy* 1 submit a

sketch showing Down’s

knuckle-joint ball beating
in section* a is the body,
e the scrcwing-in cap, o
the sleeve for fixing to
axle, d the knuckle joint
for bolting to fork. This
bearing is a patent* but

M .....I serve to
how the side
‘A. S* R

Silver-plating Opera Glass Fittings.—J* E. GL

(Pttrmcvrth&n ).—As you have no practical knowledge

of the art of electro-plating, i should advise you to
send the opera glasses to a practical electro-plater
or to an optician, and get the metal fittings silver-
plated. As the body of the instrument is made of
ivory* you would entirely spoil the colour of it by

immersing it in a plating solution, and you could
not. silver the fittings without touching the ivory
part with the solution* The fittings must be taken
Off, and this should be done by an optician. You
wilt find instructions on electro-silvering in No, 112*
p. 118* Vol* HI* of Work*—G* E* B*

Electric Lighting,—E. D* B. ( Camberwell )*—A
small installation of two or three lamps in one
room of a private house generally proves unsatis¬
factory to the owner* It is not large enough to
warrant the use of a dynamo-electric machine and
n gas-engine or water motor to generate electricity
for the lamps, and it is too large to be fed with

* A large battery will be

r three lamns of fmftlripTit

holding over a lamp, and when hot, smeared
the hot cement* The job requires doing quickly to
ensure success.—C* M, W*

. per dozen, and wire (Yo^ 10 or 8) at

Lest a mistake should be made, I
the numbers given are those known

(kl.

i ■

SllOF

5/2

[Work—November 21,1891*

brotherly lips: and when we recollect that Scrip- Valve.—A Young Engineer.—I suspect the
itire tells ns our Saviour "stfeketh closer than a reason why your valve face does not stick to

brother," it would almost appear that the brother is cylinder is because the opposed laces arc not

f he ideal of friendship in preference to the father* scraped perfectly clean* Clean surfaces, covered

Yon must not place too much confidence in book- with a thin layer of solder, raised to the proper

learning By this 1 do not mean that it Is advisable temperature, but not overheated, and then pinched

1o depreciate nW such study - but you twill And, if together and allowed to cool, cannot fail to adhere,

you arc continually caving for more books which 1 —X

will slock you with information, rlmt you will never Use of Cardboard.—A. E. R* (Kingston), —The . f tn

l>e satisfied with your own abilities, and thus, prob- variety of fancy articles which may bo made from ** w iii/>h w ui Hoi«

buy. "‘Cassell’s Technical Educator," and now take material. The appliances needed arc few, beyond ?£rflnfffnl? miniuv tr i,r tt*

in Wo me, you should be in a position to do some- scissors, a penknife, and gum. The block form of m pthn^ o? n’ta v fn&' v i z^'tfMMiinsr^flrmh? with^bm b

of draughtsman, will detract somewhat from the are formed by scoring the card half through and JgJg “ff Tnv better than the tone of

latter profession, by reason of the chances always bending it. Glass is fixed in the window-openings, p i ’ L Wales's' h i> td or tov zither In the

can! There is no need to work always in one Cardboard models may Either be left white, or unw-icU’ ,

groove, and design articles only of one class, such as coloured to resemble the actual buildings. Ruins _+ it b t , chiLraoter of its tone is to be

ordinary mechitniciil, folding, or combined. 1 he ^nnrtinffoir/'the^smn^etc^vrith^Wack^r retained. The one shown in the drawing consists

classes of designs from, my pencil, or pencils; but brown transparent varnish colour and gumming on S *nd having'sid es aid l ack end of the

* something quite new m dried moss to repi esent ivy- M. M. same material, about 2 in* deep, which thus forms a

cabinetb» sideboards, bedroom suites, ch&iis, tables. Labyrinth Puzzle.—^P» C. N. (Shrewsbury),^ — shallow box or tray* The sides are shaped as shown

ete* t and number among my patrons many a large As merely application for patent has been made, f or convenience of grasping and the front end is

tirm in London, In the few years Ihave been in the there will as yet be no means of ascertaining the m\e& with a block U in wide, and taking the shape

furniture trade, I have been made aware of the fact ! nature of the rival invention. P. C. N/s idea is along its length of the ends of the sides. The front

that n mere draughtsman will be of no value m a certainly ingenious, and, I should think f >worth or inner edge of this block is left square, and acts

few years* lime ; iho demand will be for designers ; some little risk. In so simple a case, he might well m a bridge lor the strings. Under this is placed (so

but. i hero is not much to tear by con tern plating a apply for provisional protection without employing as to “ sandwich 1 ' the baseboard between them) the
strong competition among the latter, ns, although ft a patent agent. He would, of course, specify for I hitch-pin block i in. thick by I in. wide. Two blocks,
man may be a good draughtsman, it docs not follow “Improvements in Labyrinth Puzzles/' Perhaps he shaped and placed as shown at A, a, Fig. 1 (see page

that lie will ever be a good designer; for—all hough, might find some tougher composition in which the ftu Vol I) which for convenience sake, is repeated

perhaps, I really ought not to say it. and would not, lines could be impressed better than the fragile one a 1 ;

were it not for the fact that I am asked by you for i named, or some other kind of hall desirable;
advice—good designers must “have it in them.” would do well so to frame his specification
Another particular thing you must be careful to include such variations. The design of the lab
study well, and that is—colour. ; am looking for- Hath should be protected by registration, fee 10s
ward to the day when every book, such as Work, c* N. will cast his eye over the recent columns of
shall be embellished with diagrams and drawings li Shop/* he will find there the address of an agent
iu colours, tinted and shaded artistically—not the who communicates between inventors and jnanu-
merc uniform tint over an engraved sketch, such as lecturers. Perhaps, when protected, P- C. N. might
is common now. You will find the study of colour do well to put himself in communication with the
iu application to furniture almost as dililcult to rival above alluded to.—C. U* C*
overcome as the study of drawing; but aim at an

end, anti you will surely reach it. As regards
books of designs of first-class furniture, the best
tip” l can give you is to obtain* in addition to
the publications mentioned below, catalogues from
as many linns as you possibly can; which task,

I can assure you, you will find a most difficult
and Troublesome one; for a firm usually, after
posting the catalogue, posts a traveller, and the
catalogue has to be returned, unless the traveller’s
good humour is courted- An occasional peep
into old bookstalls will reward you, as it has
me; for you will often pick up books of work from
the pencils of old designers, which will give you
a true foundation on which to build your ideas.

Observe all around yon. If you see anything at all
striking, retain it iu your memory. We can he
original, but our ideas cannot be entirely new ; it is
rlic form in which we apply them which gives the
originality. For instance, one part of an article the
Editor has in hand (which you will recognise when
published) was really suggested to mo by the well-
known boat-swings, so arranged m groups of four,
that they work round, up and down, and yet each
always retains its horizontal position. Sometimes
an idea occurs to me out of my own head; but I feel
sure that, were search made, the same idea would
be found, applied differently, in a dirlerent form of
construction. By all means subscribe to The Cabinet
JIakcr (M r. Benn, City lload, London) nndi^irmiure
and Decoration (Messrs. Smith & Botwright, G,

Eldon Struct, Finsbury, London, E.G.), each Gd,
monthly, and both first-class books, exclusively, as
their titles indicate, devoted to furniture and fur¬
nishing* The Kumiture Cazcttc (Messrs. Wyman
and Son, Queen Street, Hoi born, W.O.) will also
help you. And you may get so me archil ectural ideas
from The J$Milder and The Building News, Get an
index of Vol. L of Work* and select from it those
numbers in which my fellow-contributors have
given instructions in joinery* I daresay you possess
Messrs. Cassell & Co/s catalogue; in audition,

Messrs* Hlackie & Sun's catalogue, front Old
r:^JIey ( London* for drawing and colouring. Always
satisfy yourself in your work, and you will be sure
to satisfy your employers. Become on friendly
terms with (li c masters an d men in as many cabinet-
making shops os you can : you will find the British

workman an obliging anti friendly fellow. Art

schools are all very well; but my opinion is that
the learners must, naturally, always work in the
same groove, and become so used lo It as lo ho too
dilatory to strike out rt path of originality for tliern-
scU'ts. I have replied lo you at some length, because
1 feel interested in you. and would endeavour lo
make your personal acquaintance, wore you resident
iu London instead of m Bristol I feel convinced
that tin* Kditor will not condemn mo foe so long a
reply to a struggling young fellow, nor for asJdng
you to write and tell of your progress in a few
months* time* I wish you well—J. S.

Work Numbers*—I ndex.—T he pages you re¬
quire cover so many numbers, that it would be
better for you to buy Yol I. of Work, containing
a year’s numbers.

Wood Screwing Tool.— W. H. N. (OMiam)*—
This is one of Peugeot Brothers' tools. Any tool-
maker will procure it for you.

Fairy Bells.— Cork on i an. —If Corkonian will

e Si4, VoL I* t of Work, he will find

and

: D s

Baseboard for Fairy Bells.

Drills.—W. J. B. ( Si dbury ).-1 am sorry that I here occupy the interior, and are each Urn. wide
cannot say certainly where the diamond drills are an{ ^ k £ ee p. Observe, these two latter are placed
to be procured, not having had occasion to use in wsite diagonal directions, so that the shortest

them, But try HoltzapiTei, Charing s Cross ; Pflel, string in&y come in the centre. If they were placed
John Street, Clerkenwell; and Moras Cohen, Kirk- ^ game line, the shortest string would come or>
gate* Leeds. To make and harden small drills, i the outside and the first part o! the scale would
proceed thus : Procure the best possible steel wire ; ^ ave t0 be p w e d backwards. No bridge is neces-
sometimes large sewing needles are used for the sa ry on the front of these blocks, as the strings am
smallest. Draw the temper by making red-hot and woutmi round the wrest-pins so as to remain quite
cooling slowly; flatten the cutting end with a blow c | car All these blocks should be made of clean
or two of a heavy hammer. The fewer the blows beech and each should be planed perfectly true on
the better, because they tend to render the steel tlm side, so as to form a thoroughly good

brittle. The cutting facets are then shaped with a -joint with the baseboard, If this is done, no screws
file or on a hone. These small drills are usually \ym ^ necessary ; although it would be safer, per-
hardened and tempered at once by heating them to ^rjg to use a few in the event of the instrument
a red colour, and plunging them into the body of a exposed to damp. Having fitted your wrest-

wax or a tallow candle. 1 hey may he heated on a mark off the length of each into four, five,

piece of charcoal with the blowpipe, or on a red-hot orB x^ equal parts, according to the number of strings
iron bar. The cutting-pointonly should be hardened. yoil ^tend having (allowing -jt in. in width on the
Drills that are not very small require to be first baseboard for each additional string), and leaving
hardened, and then tempered by the methods usual ^ j n c [ ea r of the block at each end; and then, on

with engineers' cutting tools.—J- these marks, bore the holes for the wresf>pins*

Model Horizontal Engine*—F. C. (Cardiff)^ which are ordinary piano pins x and must fit tights
It does not appear, definitely, of what parts you The hitch-pins are ordinary round-headed screws*

require the sizes. You say you have the * cylinder, ji n . long, and their position is determined m the

etc/' The “etc/' may mean anything, or include block, into which they are to be inserted by dividing
everything. However, the following proportions jt into an equal number of spaces corresponding
may be of service to you, and any others you may ^-jth those in the wrest-pin blocks. s A cover, IS in,
require I shall be glad to give if you write againlong (which should be’made to slide m and out /row-
piston . I in. thick the front, or may be screwed on), must bp provided,

piston-rod .*..£„ diameter and should bo of Jin. mahogany or cedar with a

(The length must be sufficient to clear the gland by brace, ’ in. wide and i in. thick, screwed and glued

about I iu* at least.) across its top front edge, to prevent warping or

Connecting-rod, at ends , i in* diameter splitting. In this cover should be cut two / holes,

at centre . ft r> ** which should come directly over the wrest-pins„

long and permit of ituning the instrument without with*

wide drawing the cover; this latter operation being only

, , s „ long and high necessary when a new string lias to be put on.

wide and A in- deop top and Previous to stringing up, size and varnish the insiuc
4 with good spirit or copal varnish, and* iE you wish

it to look well, French polish the outside, lins, of
course, is optional. In stringing up, the eyes should
not be twisted, but should be made thus: Fix a wire
nail or peg, slightly larger than the hitch-pms in n.
vice, and, taking the siring in the left hand, grasp
the end with the right, and take a turn round the
peg, and then two turns round the string itself
close up to the peg ; then cut off the free end of the
wire, so as to leave a “taih T Jm. long. This tail
comes fiat on the block, and is quite sufficient to

nr event Blippingi ®tfc f he same time it pieseni&

norou^h or jagged end to iniure the hands or dress.
Whcn tuningf ?oughly pull up to withm a note or
two of the pitch required, and afteru ards gracaially
raise to about half a note above; then, with a P*'
of wash-leather, rub briskly up and down each
r triiifir with ft inodciUtB nniount of picssUi
wlll ftS the /ire. which should then be pulled
up again to pitch and left for an. hour, after « hit
it may be put into proper tone, remembering that

lil

I) * • * ■

Platon-rod crosshead * . t

M _ , *»

(Groove out £ in,
bottom for guldcdiare.)
Guide-bars *

i in* wide

KCt

long

* 2 *

for $ in, of cen¬
tral width
for each n*
of side do.

(With I in. diameter distance bolts at ends,)^
Valve-rod * in. (full) diameter

You will* of course, lay the lines down on pap
before making the model. The travel of shde-Yah
and throw of eccentric will depend partly on width
of port, r cannot give you the length of mston-rod,
because I do not kno w length of gland or how much
clearance (over the 2 in. stroke) you have in your
cylinder * but you should find no difficulty iu setting

this out.—F. 0.

Chiffonier.—A. W. M. {Liverpool ),—'The design

you submit for chiffonier is not of sufficient merit

to publish in Work. If you send your full address,
and a stamp, the MS. will be returned to you.

} *

thick

i *

This

Shop.

573

Work—November 21,1691,]

Calcutta. It is much used in the place of mahogany* most, the free end will move to and fro ns the

being richer in colour, and, if grown on a favourable temperature varies ; and you could readily arrange

soil of splendid figure. It is imported in planks of matters so that contact would bo made at any

about i in, thick, and up to about 24 m, wide, desired temperature* If the heat required be nut

it is very hard working, but gives great satisfaction sufficient to melt the solder used, the two- strips
wdien finished. The price is about the same as may be soldered together throughout their entire

mahogany, and can be bought at many of the length ; but in this ease yon will have a curved

London yards_A J H instead of a straight combination.on account of the

Book on Locks.-C. K. C. (Pimlico).-1 do not unemnl cpans&fl emsed by the bfcat agpUotl

keys. The steel wire used for picks is usually about corrected b> placing the sli ii>, hollow sKlcupttci-

this a trood I 11 or 12 W G. tapering towards the end. It would inost, on a block of hard wood, and ajiiilyint, iho

coat of strongish size. When nearlythem^The costls about 6d each _T VY blows across the strip, the entire length being sub*

map; sponge ihc&ac* with dew water. When well tlmm. Ihe cost is auout bU, eacn. i. w. milted to this hammering, until the strip has been

damped through, paste with well-strained paste. Stationery Holder* M. A< (ask s ^ for il sufficiently straightened* when the h am in or- mark s

made with a pinch of alum, as before described m full-size design for the Stationery Holder given in s i lou ld be erased by the application of a line-cut fiat

our columns : then lay down on canvas, pressing all * Shop supplement of No* 6b. It is impossible for You will, of course, understand 1 hat the entire

over with Toller or ole an hnen cloth. When ary, tt contributors to accede to such requests as these, | 0 f t,} lc compound metal J la strip must be

can either be cut out and fra tnediOr Biased and var- involving, as they would, an expenditure of much submitted to the te m p era in re to be measured.—

nished and mounted on rollers.—F, B. tim e and trouble, QuiVive.

Painting on Glas%—S* E. E. (Rye)>-~The glass “ Shop” In serti ons-L. B* (West Bromwich).— Perfect Safety Bicycle*—10. G. V. (London* W).

used by glass painters will stand the test as recoin- No charge whatever is made for any com mu mention machine similar to Fig. 3 (sec Work, No. GEJ,

mended for silver, if you take the precaution to appearing in ‘Shop. You and others,m ay make y ol.IL) is manufactured by II umber & Uo., Limited,

warm the glass gently, at first instead q£ plunging any remarks which are likely to be of service to 0 f Holborn Viaduct. There must he other makers,

direct into the fire* The very Lhm glues is that used readers of Work, and, If of value, your communi- b t j Caim0t cal i t0 mint i an y others-—11. Ji. 1\

for micvoseopic slides, but its very thinness is against cation will be printed, as a gratuitous con trlbu non, Mmintinff - 7 P (Briahousc) - Tin*

its use in large pieces. Any good Arm of glass mor- in Sections 1 or 4. thiT, met iuZ Sw red to for seeurfil? Jclltt for

chants, such its Hetlcy, Soho youaro, would supply Laying Warehouse Floor,—A. F* It. (ttrming- mornitine semi-omoue objects as used by Mr.

take to bend glass for you. 1 ho silvering can also difficult conditions, which, fur the benefit of other opticians who deal in micro specialities or from

you mention as a German one is the one used by be reduced; no nails on surface: provision made T S ' * '

London firms. Great improvements'have' J^eu for repairs; and to be ploughed and tongued; joists 1 T ' ’ T p w //>, frne w. w \ r Omuld

made this last few y eai^ m amalgams for silvering of iron ^ ft between centres and 5 in wide on too I noub at or.—L. G, . (J>arjt8DW y}.— I should

lass, quicksilver being more sparingly used than fl ange .* an( | no bolt holes arc to be made in the strongly advise you to send for Hoarsons little

eretolore, Quicksilver itself wi 11 not stand a great joints. I fear that A. F. H. will have to modify one manual, entitled J ho Problem Solved, puce Is.

heat, as it becomes a vapour if subjecied to sever© J of these conditions, for there is to be provision for As rou have one of their meubators, ho manna
heat.—h* M- easy repair, which ri impossible with ploughed and would bo of social scr^ce to you. - / k/

and ask for the book to be scut him entitled capsule* I would not advise an j oho to make >n ,

Hints on Wood Carving for Beginners," by E#. unless ccrtam as to the ability ot the woi kei to d<>

Rovve —W E. It & ^ necessary soldering. Probably, the liquid usc<l

Wood Carving Book-Cove™ tor Work.- || U,e w'S^ 0 ?"Mr!S "mTcn'Kl

Cfcr A i tor found moet a^fSf 'b *“ ** VC ‘ T m0<lemUj

Wood Carving. If you want designs, write to JEh T. Piano J. M.- (Mirthrirst) \on seem

Batafmd, Publishers, 52, High Holborn, and ask to bo m a little difficulty, hut I think 1 shall be able

them to send you their list of books ou wood I to set you right. I he lines made on p. In-arc not

carving. They sell very good photographs in a folio ] intended to show the scttiug-out of the strings, but

of Signor Pruilioi's work. And from the School of I ava merely the bracings- ihc measurenieuts are

Wood Carving you can get a folio containing 18 for a 7-octave piano. 1 ho back ih- quiie wide enough

plates of photographs from carvings in the South [ if you have made it 4 ft. 2 m. take the measure*

. Kensington Museum for 133., post free, or single 'I ments on p ; oU2 5 second column, 41st I mo, \our

]fiates 9d., post free* F. Miller's *' Wood Carving/' I first note will he 2* in. from the treble end*and your

published by Wyman & Sons, Great Queea Street, I Just note 4(4 m. i his will leave you -j in. lrom the

W,G., is a good, useful book on the subject. Covera MnAfl oF W(iod Fl00 _ to Iro _ Jn i Et3 last note t0 thc o^t^de edge of your b .-k.

for binding volumes of Work can bo had of any Mode ° r ™ &x P c . ct >? ur compasses luivc gamed a HI le with

iiooksellor. or of the publishers, Cassell Sc Co*, horing Holes in. Joists. | moving them. Contract your com passes a shade,

Limited, London, E.O\-W* Jg, R. until you get the &5 notes within the limit ol

Electric Bell Failure a,—A, W* S. (Enfield)— Ag under edges of the flooring, lie may have a strip to !;™m wtcstYfi ui ! J J, )lU ' 3 ° lir

metal parts ou direct to wood* instead of fixing them usual manner. Seeing, however, that the floor is dilh c Ed ty ^vitli a little patience. If ipuhav^got on

to a metal base. As the wood absorbs moisture II in. x 3 in.* I should not insist on easy repairing. Few sofar, I am sum J fuw i 11 be^eq u al 1 oi

from the damp air in wet weather, it swells, and warehouses survive fire-riska long enough to re- F' ( ?i-

alters the adjustment of the two metal parts fixed qui re repairs to so stout a flooring. If the load on except the bottom. Ibis will ansvvu jour ou u

to the ^vood base. The defect may be on the bells, the floor is fairly uniform, fixing might be dispensed question.—I*

hut Is more likely to be in a push or a switch of bad with ; but fixing adds to the strength of a floor very I Cassell S

design or construction. Such hard woods as teak much* and the simplest plan, without making holes
or box should be employed in switches and pushes, in the joists, would be to make some rebated strips
and the contact pieces of metal must be furnished (34 in. x 2 in, would do), and screw them underneath.

with a spring, to take up slight alterations in ad- Of course, I am assuming room enough to admit of

justment caused by the wood swelling or shrinking, this, which is probably the case, The strips

“Cr. E. B. sketched might be put on every or on alternate

Netting Needles, Twine, Cotton, etc*—G.. T, joists.—B. A. B.

(Old ShiTd&nU — Ironmongers, dealers in fancy Thermometer and Barometer.—I n - Doubt.—
goods, and drapers* will generally supply or get for Your difficulty arises from the circumstance that
customers all the requisites for netting. Oiled the imprisoned air varies in volume, not only
twine, as used in making herring nets, may be got in proportion to its temperature, but also in pro-
through any dealer in fishing tackle, of which there portion to the pressure to which it is subjected from
are generally one or two in each town.—G, E, B. time to time, one of these factors—thc temperature

Electrical Matters In Back Numbers of —being under your control, the other not bo. Your
Woric-J. S, (Kirkcaldy ).—Aa a mere list of the letter shows that you are unacquainted with the
back numbers wherein papers on electrical matters laws which govern the volume of gases, one of
have appeared would fill otic column of “Shop”! which is that the volume is directly proportional to
hope you will be so kind as to excuse me the task pressure acting upon tbe gas under observe
of writing it. An index to Yol. I. will show you tion. For instance, a volume of air—which is a
that there have been very few numbers in which mixture of gases—measuring exactly 1 cubic ft.
there has not appeared some paper on electrical normal pressure of about 15 lbs. per sq. in.,

matters, ur some useful reply in '*Shop” on the would only occupy one-half that space under a
same subject.- G. E. B. pressure of 30 lbs, per aq. in.; whereas it would

Galvanic Batterv.-J. R (KirkeahhA — Aff^r occupy double the space were the pressure de-

all this Lime, I learn from your last letter that the creased to 7i lbs. per sq. in. The pressure of the

tiling you desire is not. a galvanic battery but a ^ m 2 s ^ ier * eco ^ 3tan ^and,consequently,
medical coil, it \h true that a coil must be worked th f bulk °f ^prisoned air contained n your appa-

by a galvanic battery, just as a steam boiler wifi be I atus t!? ri ^ + 2L 0O L inde ? 0 ?^ nt,y *t° f Ulc + tc l n P?. r ^

as you could not get a shook from the battery alone. ^+7®' You might overcome your difficulty

Instructions ami dlusl rations showing how to make by filling the chamber with som d liquid, such

such an instrument us you require will take up too water or alcohol, or a ttux tuns o f these if fhehmlmg-
much snare in “Klimj —ti E H point of the liquid chosen bo in excess of the greatest

A W f\ f t ' ,a ^tn ^ temperature required; but you must not lose sig

answer to W, G. S. (Ui astol) in a recent Issue.- | _ one of each-say, l ft long, 4 In* wide, and A in,

thick, and carefully rivet them together at intervals
of half an inch. Such a compound bar will bentf
under the influence of heat, and if it be fixed by

one end in a vertical position, the fixed end uodpi 1 -

the highest note is the right-hand centre one, and
that the first half of the scale goes to the nght
hand, and the second half to the left, from the left-
hand centre note. Everything necessary for the
construction of these instruments can be obtained ot

6c Co., 10, at, Stephen's, Norwich.

Messrs, Chilve

-R* F.

To Mount Maps or Plana on Linen or Calico,

—Onyx,—T ack, very lightly strained, on a p
board, or, if very lurge, on a frame* a piece of
or linen, of tbe requisite size, allowing an incn etna

a half margin beyond size of map-
coat of strongish size

map; sponge |

iece of
calico

■i r^

»*

■>i

). 565

\V* B.-Vol*

Popular Educator.

III. is now complete, and can be had of any hook*
seller, or of the publishers, Cassell Company,
Limited, London* 1£,C*

Camera.—I. T* W. ( Tamwrih >.

you name is very good, considering the price,
material and workmanship in the higher priced in¬
struments by the leading makers are* oi course,
superior, and will stand very much more wear and
tear. Any plates may be used in any ordinary
camera provided they are the right dimensions.
The make of plate has nothing to du with it. The
detective camera men tinned is lilllc better than u
toy, and the work obtained by it must be judged
accordingly. Occasional articles appear in Woiuc

on this subject.—D.

i i

The camera

The

Camera.—I* H, (London, JS.).—Make a pal tern in
paper as a guide. If the measurements of the two
ends are correct, lines drawn from Lhr extreme
corners of the larger to those of llie smaller end
will be quite right to fold by. The zigzagiugof Mm
bellows is, of course* horizontal. Tim pnmi|mL
difficulty, which is soon mastered, is pinching rhe
corners into form, to make the bellows work
smoothly. It must not be forgotten to allow a little

for ov erlap in joining up*

Tempering Axes.—J. S. (Lottf/siy lit).—Yon must

heat the axe to a low red, ami quench in salt water.
Then let down to a brown or a blue, according to
the steel* and quench for tempering* If you find
the temper is soft, gradually experiment with
lighter tints, ranging between dark straw and

brown*—J*

Pipe over Plinth.—J. G. (GhiSffOtv)*— I have
looked at your model, anti there is no w ay of gelling
at the angles except by drawing out the pipe in
elevation and in front view* and bisecting the angles.
You need not seek for any other way, for there can¬
not possibly be one belter or more accurate. It is
one of llie commonest and simplest jobs in practice.

Heady Reckoner*—J, G. {Bradford)*--Try

Quantities and Measurements/' by AH?, Beaton ;

price is, 6cl. Published by Crosby Lockwood Sc Co.,
7, Stationers’ ILall Court*

Sample of Red Wood*—E* L. H# (Liverpool)^

Shop, etc.

574

[Work—November 21, 1801*

Brass,

refer to No, 72* Yol. IT.* of WORK, you will find in¬
structions lor tuck pointing brickwork; and to No.
121, VoL lit., instructions for tuck pointing stone’
work. If you require any more information than is

there given, if you will write again I shall be glad
to assist you.

Heating Water for Bath.—C. H* (Stroud) writes
in answer to Hound 0
{see page -ill, No. 130):—

The only way of heating
cold water in a bath is by g
using a charcoal heater, P
similar to sketch, in which |{

a is round sheet-iron cylm- }
tier; u, handle on either U
side i'or lifting; c, per- 8
forated cone grating ; D, F
pipe reaching under per* |j
forated cone* the air rush- fj
ing down pipe and up |

through the perforated |

cone, acting as a blower, 1

and, keeping the charcoal |

in a lively state, Place I

apparatus in bath of cold |

water and let it remain (

until water is sufficiently
heated, then remove from
bath room/’

Such

brasses mv not usually lined our, hut are centred
tentatively in ihc lathe* so that all parts shall hold
up to si/*e. It lined out* you \\ ill simply clip the two
halves with packing pieces between, insert a tem¬
porary centre, and from it strike the required
circle.—J.

Connecting Rod Trasses*

Fourth Edition. Price ?&< Gd.

Practical Electricity. A Laboratory and

Lecture Course* for Fb*t Year Student* of LderiritiaJ

Engineering* By Prof, W. E. AykT^n, F*K,S., Assoc.

Mem. Tnst, CVS. With Numerous Illustrations*

Cassell & Company, Limited, Lndgate Hill\ London.

Slide AY* (l Worcester ).—The host book

i* “The Theory and Practice of the Slide l£ trie/ 1 by
Campbell. Published by Spun* li'j, Strand, London,

At -C-, J *

J-

I* r

WORK

J ruJbtiahed at Ld Belle ,SV< uvape* Ludpite Hill, hmido it, nl
ock every Wednesday martiiny* ttnd should btehtuhiabkeuery-
where throughout the United h'initdtmi uf* Friday at the latent.

, Kl

Small Iron Castings.-S* Sc R* (Bristol).—The
only way is to use very bo ft pier—No* 1 Scotch, with
no admixture* or very little* of scrap*—-J.

Designs of Working Cardboard Models*—

C. W. S, (Northaticrtoit), Inquiries made by mo

full to elicit any information us to where these are
to be obtained. Probably some reader may know
whether they arc supplied* and if so, by whom. I
should nd visu you to ask at I he shops where work¬
ing models arc exposed for sale. - J*

Triple Expansion.—Km derm instkr*—T o give
our correspondent the particulars he requires, and
explain them clearly so as to ho of any use lo him,
would taka up far too much of our already limited
space ; us the subject is not of sufficiently general
interest to our readers or the public* we cannot
feel ourselves instilled in so doing. The best tiling

our correspondent can ib> w to refer to "Heaton on wicker Stains.-L. 8 .

the Marine I'.mjmo, where he will find the subject T ( Kirkealiltfi writes to

fully (tone i;ito. nnd nit the necessary intownation a. B. ( Tlfatminster, S. fV.J (sec page 4G2, No. 133)
full) set ionn. l. L, u \y as h wicker, after being thoroughly cleaned,

Gold Faint.—W, H* F* (Kuir/siton)—\ on say you ^vitb a solution of catch (catechu). The solution
have tried several ways of lifting bronze powder as may be about 1 cutch to 2C? boiling water. Allow to
a gold paint, but yrm do not state how you used it* dry* and coat with solution of bichromate o£ potash
Have you tried mixing il with gold size* This is of about same strength. Expose to the light uniil
what the majority of gold palais consist of. Gold dry and repeat the bichromate coating until the
bronze should be protected by a coat of varnish, or desired shade is produced. The colour is per¬
il will turn black*—it A* rn&nent* and can be left unvarnished if you like. I

Embossing Dies.—CL S, (.1/tme/i csf cr). —I do not think you will like this method* Your chair was
think vou need trouble about allowing for the very likely coated with common brown varnish—
thick ness of the me tab The metal used with these not stain.

dies for stamping mim expiates, trademarks, etc., is Heating Room.—R ussell writes to C. X P.
usually very thin* and if you get your two dies to (Derby) (see page 462, No. 133):—“If you have
fit nicely together, the result (lor thin metal) will domestic hot-water apparatus, I should carry pipes
be satisfactory.—U. A. from them, you would find it cheaper than any

Sheet Metal Working.—J. IT. B, (A’brfon).—For other method* I shall be pleased to send you

instructions in shout menu working* get the numbers drawing for same if you can show existing pipes.

of Work that aviieles on the above subject have Dry Battery_H. E. {South Norwood, S.E.) fur*

appeared in, and look out for others that hare yet ther writes in reply to J. A, M* (London. N-W.) (see
to appear. Cassell's Drawing tor Metal-plate pages 14,110, and 203* Vol. HI,)“I must apologise

Workers ■* U a useful book sit u low price (3s.). for not noticing your letter before, but have been
MiJlis'Sheet Metal Work 1 ' (Spon) is also a first- vcrj busy for some time, and have not looked at
class work, but high in price (0s.),—It. A. some numbers. Going through this evening I came

Engines,—J. E* (Cardiff )*—J in. bore by 1| in* across yours, and hasten to reply* I am sorry to
stroke would bo about correct for snob a boiler.—J* hear you could obtain no result after following my

Sanitation.-A. Y, (Deptford), -The following instructions* which i K^evP f^be

arc good books u Sanitary Engineering*" by the first recipe, but gave you.what I

Baldwin Latham* price il l lUs. ; published by Spon, Gussners mixture* I juried f ^rectness 1 400 II lust radons, free by post,

135, Strund; and the - Municipal ^and Sanitary ,.“ d ™nl a?™nt fvour fai^chants, ForSmomh,

Liiginccrs 1 Handbook/' price 12s. Gd., same pub- r rhe£ccon ^ rc f C m 0 ( W j.th agglomerate Lec]anch 6 )I The Talmer does the Beat,—111ustrattd pamphlet

Ubhcr. have tried* and found to worlt well. Here are some of this perfect Hand Camera 2 ttampjs, — 1 aujot ani>

Cover and Advertisements,—AV * N. II. (Brad- )nore w hlch you might try, (1) Permanganate of Easier, Blackburn*

/ord).—Thanks for your suggestions, which shall p 0 fcash Dry Cell.—Get a pint jar, line inside with pnotograpMc Apparatus, list a stamps. Dark
have consideration. sheet amc* allowing lug for connection and well Slides, best quality, fitted to any camera: 1 pi a if, 5 s,;

Waterproof Glue,—F* B* Gilders A ot ).—If you amalgamate all except the lug, About three parts 4 platens. 3 U. All sizes made.—T albot and Eamer,

are thoroughly assured that no remissness exists fill the jar with a sal u rated solution of ml- ammoniac* g]ackbuni* UG «

on jour part by way of address or postal delivery, addon ounce of permanganate* and well mix, then Fretwork Designs.—Books of

why not take the advice or a solicitor? * s ti r j n siimcicnt plaster of Paris to make a thick ima || er designs* id* ; sample sheet of 6, 9 \d.

Saws,—P. C* {Belfast). —Please state your trouble cream* Insert a good-sized carbon plate in centre, per foot.—T avlor's Fmtvvorkcrtcs, BlAckpool.(ig k

more definitely* and say whether it is a circular, and as soon as set, seal over U 1 e^TOp with melted Fretwor it Tools and Materials at Clarke's

frame, or band saw* If also you couch yourques- paraffin wax. (2) } escrolo Dry Batter^--1he mix- 0O fstqSSi Fore Se reel, Exeter. New illustrated Cata-

Refrigerator.—DOUBI.E GLOSTer.—F roni the gredienbs In totem of]chareoa^ 3 J««» Tool List, post free.

™ t li ’ but " S i? )i4cticc an utter ot manganese. 3 parts: 1 ime hydrate, 1 part; white picture Moulds,-. 5 to « per cent, wved. Send

failure.-’ it appear to be consteSetod upon sound arsenic (Oxide), 1 and a ndrtere of glume for wholesale list, one sta.np.-DsNTs, Importers, Tam-

and. indeed, any refrigerator short of an ice makinv tenth voja n i c of a s ol u tion of be _ , volume sencl for Re S lster t0 Britannia Co., LokliMter, [7

best; the work done .. he snmefliing less, useful No 1 know nothing, but if fond Valuable Bargain. - Fine mellow-toned violin in

arrest U.e lhawtng ol . limen meal,; clearly, it till no,vl 1 o w yougc t o 11 . A letter addressed ? asc . Take ns. fid. for the lot; violin alone worth double,

would be ol no use to itii.roduca any meeUanical ] , . ln( . thioueh the Kditor will roach me. I will also Money willingly returned il not approved. About 5 os.

means of moving the utr.-U. M. W. experUncnt aliUle iI I canilnd timo." worth of music (imsoiled) E ,ve„ in i^.-Graham, College

1 Buildings, Ipswich. [* s

V.—Letters Received. The Buyers’ Guide to the b-st Rooks on Mechanical

. * „ Subiecfi with table of contents, price G<1 In cloth* is* Gd*

,£S5n£&!lattSSifSSWK m l lS ISSK»Sa *ES -Published by lbtiTA N ».A Co.. Colchester,

tiitro is ireatpfessurn:— U. B. {ticpiforrty t v. H. . 1 .| Lettering and SIga-WrJting made BJaay*—

?lKAijRit' A, It. {fMarnefli C. II, M- {Portsmouth)*, N* Decorators’ Stencib (60 largosh eel %), ss* dti,

iftrittoh ; V. T** ; J ^ iPeterUora J; A. H- B. CarTfloff and RCPOttSSC Patterns.

k«*B5ajf« mssa»«%a8S5 -B&SBSfc K"ejs”-, - •

z&ssssi I *sfis&;uSsrasfe-> *. «yc

ssr^*wwsss£L*» A ,

liurj,"! !f. S. ifiiii. AM i B- AN" 8. i niflCMura); COK8TAKT Wood Carvers should send for 1 i atw. k & BeddalI. s
mfffifMmj; J* W, {Yettfltfera)l (3. A 3. (Ldowttrgh}, A. B. j ^ nT| j^| 1?ni| 1^3^

(11 f FPiJh

IJ"

[ 1,lj

L I

1 'i in

TERMS OF BtfOBCRIPTIOtf.

la. flfl*

p. Da* 'ML

— ms, cd*

FoatjU Orders or Fuat Ofllce Ordcru iiAyahlu Fit Ibo QanerAl
Foatoitico. Loudon.toC abhkijL find cumtanY, Limited.

3 mootiis. free by po&t
6 mom lie* ,*

1? muiitbu* „

■ »

■ i

■ r

I III -1

I Ha J

V *

TejLMS FOU Ttta lNaEliTION or At>VBKT 1 HKJJHNTS IsV kaqu

i 0* d*

- 1:3 0 0

- 6 It) 0

- ua fl

I 17 5

- I G G

. 0 to 0

?■

WKFtKLY iHhUK.

$ <M ® s

s>%

One Pngfl -

Haif Fa^o * * - -

Quarter l J :iga
Ei^iith of a Pftgie

0oe-Sizteonth of & Pngo -

In Column, p&F juoU «

SujjlII iTrepnid Advertisements, puch nq Sltnutlons Wanted
and Exchange, Twenty WurilB or ion. Una rilntUiiff, Find OUO
Fenny per Word extra If nvvr Twenty, ALL OthKil Adv^p-

cl&emcnia in Sale ntul Exrlmu^e Column nro ciiLirged Oa&
Shilling per Lino {averaging eight wordsi*

i*rem<Twni FejiFfenj* or a Merit* of intertione,

by tpeeiul arrau'rcment.

AdvertiEeiuents should rench ilie Ofncefourteen

days in AdvantG of (bf tlato of blUb

L J

Charcoal Heater for

Bath.

SALE AND EXCHANGE.

Beit’s Patent Enamelled Adhesive Water¬
proof Advertising Paper Letters *nd Figures

m all colours and suecs. BtfSt and cheapest. Liberal ttTms

Sample sheets, gratis. Factor^', 17 , Arthur

to agents*

Street, London, W.C.

Victor Cycle Co*, Grimsby, sell Mail-cart Wheels and
Parts. L*S r

Who'S Llint?— Why, the Best Man for Joiners 1 Tools,
of warranted quality. Send stamp for our Seventh Edition
Reduced Price List*— Lunt, Tool Merchant, 397, Hack¬
ney Road, London, E. £*3 **

Walker Bros*, Leeds.—Mail-cart wheels and antes.

l5R

The Universal Amateur EKchango—;Electri-

cal* Optical, Mechanical* Chemical, Photogniphic*
Established 1 B 62 . Catalogues, 2 d.-A. CAi-LATzr, Chenies
Street* Bedford Square* (B tt

Price List of Carpenters Tools, containing nearly

OsDOUN ButlTKliRS, Tool

[16 tt

etc

12 , 76 . and is* id*;

F ret woo d

[ao r

Booth Brothers,

[st R

[3 K

HI—Questions Submitted to Correspondents*

Kcady Koclconer for Timber Trade and
Glass Trade*--*), G, (Bradford) writes Could
some kind reader oblige mo with title of book and
publisher for joiners' and builders' tables, allowing
number of Fsupordeiul feel in any given measure*
ment of wood or glass I 1 '

Water-Colours*-J. P. (Bel fa st) writes:

any kind wader tit WOKK inform mellow to make

moi-t wntcT-eolotir paints f 1 have made some, But

lirnl they get as bant its sioue in a day."

Ivory Tablets—Sr:.\ Cull writes:
be glad to be informed whero I can get ivory or

xjloiiilctmme tatitetsan used by makers of cameras
and dark slides* I want some wholesale maker/*

IOO

(«

Will

1 1

I should

F. Coulthard* Dar-

[3 s

U *

IV.—Questions answered by Co uuEsroN dents.

Tuck Pointing. - M, {Bishop Auckland) writes,

If you

in reply to Slatku (3ee page I(i2, No. 133):

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